One Health II Jeopardy

• In a descriptive study, what was identified as the largest determinant of "chance" (aka role of randomness) in the overall degree of error

  Sample size
• "Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease or other phenomenon over a period of several years or within a year" is the definition of what type of trend?

  Cyclic
• What disease is the primary regulatory focus of the State Public Health Veterinarian?

  Rabies
• What level of statistical significance (p-value) gives the highest confidence in the result?


  The lower the better below p = 0.05
• What variable was identified as the most important factor when describing occurrence of disease or illness?


  Age
• "The ability of a particular disease agent to produce disease in another host" defines what epi term?

  Pathogenicity
• What animal species is most responsible for transmitting rabies to humans in the U.S.?

  Bats
• What species is (by far) most responsible for transmitting rabies to humans in the world?

  Dogs
• In general, what happens to the PPV when the prevalence of a disease increases?


  The PPV for the disease's test increases too
• A disease surveillance system that is very expensive and detects nearly all cases is likely to be which type of surveillance system we discussed?

  Active surveillance system
• The KY State Public Health Veterinarian works within what State Department?

  State Health and Human Services
• What is the definition of the "population at risk" in epidemiology?


  Those members of the overall population who are capable of developing the disease
• What is the predominant rabies virus variant along the entire eastern region of the U.S?

  Raccoon varient
• After conducting a RCT, you conclude that the exposures was negatively associated with the outcome. What is the measure of association with this scenario?

  Relative risk < 1
• What does it mean if an analytic study determines that the null hypothesis is acceptable?

  There is no significant association between the variables
• What field of epidemiology classifies the occurrence of disease according to the variables of time, place, and person?

  Descriptive epidemiology
• ________ is the "numerical expression of the likelihood of occurrence"? (aka, what are the chances something will happen?)

  Probability
• If the prevalence of a disease dramatically decreases, what will be the effect on the positive predictive value of the test for this disease?

  PPV decreases as prevalence decreases
• When designing and conducting an analytic study, what action is the primary method of minimizing bias?


  Randomization of sample selection and study group assignment
• In what part of the State Government is the State Veterinarian located?

  State Department of Agriculture
• According to the KY State PH Veterinarian, what is the primary purpose of conducting disease surveillance programs?


  Establish baselines for trend analysis and detect future epidemics
• If an analytic study determines that the null hypothesis is rejected, what conclusion can be drawn?

  There was a significant (although unknown) association between the variables
• You administer a rapid test for a disease with a prevalence that is fairly low (~2.1%). The test is approximately 95% sensitive and 95% specific. Given this information, what would you expect for a negative predictive value?

  Very high (likely > 99%)
• A food-borne disease is characterized by a longer incubation time and symptoms that span the GI tract. Would this most likely be an infection or intoxication?

  Infection
• What is the name of the English veterinary surgeon who wrote popular books about his experience treating animals like "All Creatures Great and Small"?


  Mr. James Herriot (James Alfred Wight)
• What type of study looks at potential associations between exposure and outcome, takes place at a single point in time, can determine prevalence (but not incidence), is quick and easy, and can study multiple exposures and outcomes?

  Cross-sectional study
• What is the term defined as the effort to protect food from acts of international adulteration?

  Food defense
• What does an odds ratio of < 1 indicate in regard to the exposure and disease relationship

  The exposure provided protection from the disease
• What is the first step in a CDC Outbreak investigation?

  Confirm the existence of a disease event
• What type of transmission is represented by a veterinarian carrying FMD virus on their boots between farms?


  Fomite indirect transmission (and un-smart)
• What characteristic do Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium botulinum share that results in rapid-onset food poisoning?

  Toxin producers
• What epi term/phrase refers to gradual changes in the frequency of disease over long-time periods?

  Secular trend
• 250 individuals in a susceptible population of 5,000 contract a disease. Of the 250, 25 died from the disease. What is the case fatality rate?

  10% (25/250)
• What type of transmission is represented by a mare transmitting a disease in utero to the developing foal?

  Vertical direct transmission
• What is the number one goal of a disease outbreak investigation?

  Stop the outbreak
• What criteria of causality is defined by dose-dependency?

  Strength of association
• In the CDC's PulseNet system, what types of information is used to link food-borne illness cases?

  Genetic 'fingerprints'
• Briefly describe how cases and controls are selected for case-control studies.


  Cases are those with the disease and controls are selected with similar characteristics ... but do not have the disease
• Define a zoonotic disease

  A disease that can be passed between animals and humans
• The significant introduction of bias in the determination of an association between cause and effect is likely to result in what type of association?


  Artificial association