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• Petrarch


  (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization, whcih means he lpved and studied the ideas of cicero. He beleived in the ideas of humanisma nd indic=vidualism which led to the reniessance.
• Lorenzo Valla


  he learned that a chritsian document by the church was falsified which led him to critisize the church. He furthered the spread of religious to secular authority and the belief in science from religion. He also led the bleive of communal notions to individual search in biblical truth.
• Humanities Education


  humanities w3ere added to the curriculum to expand the ability and versatility of humans.
• the courtier


  was written by castiglione and expressed how gentlemen should act and mainley how humans should be rounded individuals
• civic humanism


  humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society.
• the prince


  was written by niccolo machiavelli whcih said a prince must trike and enlightened balance to rule and maintain power. this was an example of civic humanism.
• Middle Age Art


  it was filled with religious symbolism and flat
• italien reinassance


  the art was very realistic and used new artistic tools such as geometric perspective
• sculpture of david


  created by michalangelo which is an example of italien reneissance art and showed realisma and naturalism
• School of Athens


  created by raphael and included greek and roman figures which was a sign of the italien reneissance
• northern reneissance


  developed a more chritsian focus but was still very humanistic (christian humanism). the art emphasized the regular aspcets of life.
• In Prasie of Folly


  written by erasmus it critisized religious and political leaders
• printing Press


  spread ideas from italy to north. johaness guttenberg printed the bible and spread it rapidly. martin luthers works were spread faster leading to a more explosive rowth in the protestant reformation
• Vernacular Literature


  Literature written in the everyday language spoken by common people. this allowed individual cultures to emerge
• Henry VII


  his wife was the daughter of ferdinand and isabel of catholic spain so when he tried to annull their marriage by asking the pope spain told the pope to say no. he still deivocred her which led the pope to call the marriage illigitamite. In rebellion eh created his own church called the church of england and the treason act which said you would be killed if you didnt follow his new church.
• elizabeth I


  she was grandaughter of Henry VII. she created the act of unifromity whcih said one had to attent the anglican church whcih she created. this created a common religiojn in england
• ferdiannd and isabel


  they unified spain by creating a beaucracy. having the reconcista which drove out the muslims and jews from psian. they also created catholicism as the official religiojn of spain.
• Concordat of Bologna (1516)


  Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.
• Peace of Augsburg


  1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
• monarchial power


  during this time a shift from religious power to monarch power occured. concordat of bologna and peace of augburg both agev more power to the monarch.
• Medici Family


  Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
• Imperialism

  spain wanted new colonies bc of the three G's

  God=spread catholicism ->sent jesuits

  Gold=mercantisliscm which said one should export more than import with the help of jean baptist colbert they were able to create policies that said they would export more

  glory=they wanetd to gain more colonise and colonizers gained glory. this created the idea of the balance of power
• Capitalism


  with the influx of money from the new world a shift from feudalism to capatalism occured. Bc of this wealthy elite noticed that with the help of new farming practices they could make bank. furthermore capitalism loved the idea of private ownerhsip which led to the enclosure movement which led to urbnization as faerms moved to cities.