Hormones

• Releasing and Inhibiting Factors


  HYPOTHALAMUS -> ANTERIOR PITUITARY: modifies activities
• Growth Hormone (GH)


  ANTERIOR PITUITARY: increases bone and muscle growth, increases cell turnover rate
• Prolactin


  ANTERIOR PITUITARY -> MAMMARY GLAND: milk production
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)


  ANTERIOR PITUITARY -> THYROID: increases synthesis and release of thyroid hormone (tropic)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)


  ANTERIOR PITUITARY -> ADRENAL GLAND: increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex
• Luteinizing hormone


  ANTERIOR PITUITARY -> OVARY/ TESTES: ovulation or testosterone synthesis
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)


  ANTERIOR PITUITARY -> OVARY / TESTES: follicle development or spermatogenesis
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)


  POSTERIOR PITUITARY -> KIDNEY: water retention
• Oxytocin


  POSTERIOR PITUITARY -> BREAST & UTERUS: milk letdown and uteral contractions
• Thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)


  THYROID: in the child it is necessary for physical and mental development; in the adult, it increases metabolic rate and temperature
• Calcitonin


  THYROID C CELLS -> BONE, KIDNEY, SMALL INTESTINE: lowers serum [Ca2+]
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH)


  PARATHYROIDS -> BONE, KIDNEY, SMALL INTESTINE: raises serum [Ca2+]
• Thymosin


  THYMUS: is involved in T-cell development during childhood.
• Epinephrine


  ADRENAL MEDULLA: sympathetic stress response (rapid)
• Cortisol (glucocorticoid)


  ADRENAL CORTEX: results in a longer-term stress response; increased blood [glucose]; increased protein catabolism; decreased inflammation and immunity; many other
• Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)


  ADRENAL MEDULLA -> KIDNEY: increased Na+ reabsorption to increase blood pressure
• Sex steroids


  ADRENAL CORTEX: not normally important, but an adrenal tumor can overproduce these, causing masculinization or feminization.
• Insulin


  BETA CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS: decreases blood [glucose]; increases glycogen and fat storage; it is activated at high blood [glucose] and is absent or ineffective in diabetes melitus
• Glucagon


  ALPHA CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS: secreted at low blood [glucose] and results in an increase in blood [glucose] and decrease in glycogen and fat storage
• Somatostatin (SS)


  SIGMA CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS: inhibits many digestive processes
• Testosterone


  TESTES: male characteristics; spermatogenesis
• Estrogen


  OVARIES / PLACENTA: Female characteristics, endometrial growth
• Progesterone


  OVARIES / PLACENTA: leads to endometrial secretion, pregnancy
• Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

  HEART -> KIDNEY: increases urination to decrease blood pressure
• Erythropoeitin


  KIDNEY -> BONE MARROW: increases RBC synthesis
• Regulation of [Ca2+]


  Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin
• Regulation of blood [glucose]


  Insulin and Glucagon
• Milk production and letdown


  Oxytocin and Prolactin
• Secreted by the Pancreas


  Glucagon (alpha) & Insulin (beta) & Somatostatin (sigma)
• Involved in Pregnancy Prepping


  Oxytocin, Prolactin, Progesterone, Estrogen, LH, FSH
• Regulation of B.P.


  Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) & Aldosterone
• Hormones that increase blood [glucose]


  Glucagon (polypeptide derivative), Epinepherine (amino acid derivative), Cortisol (steroid / glucocorticoid)