Nucleic Acid

• Nucleic Acid: main information-carrier molecule, direct process of protein synthesis, and determined the inherited characteristics, which allow organism to do everything in the cell to survive and reproduce
• No protein if there's no nucleic acid
• The monomer of nucleic acid is nucleotide, which is a building block to form nucleic acid
• Nucleotide divided into 3 groups: 5-carbon sugar(pentose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
• 2 types of sugar in nucleotides: deoxyribose (containing oxygen, and hydrogen at 2') and ribose (doesn't contain oxygen but it has hydroxyl group at 2')
• Prime marks refer to the position of sugar ring, if there's no mark on it, refer to the position on the rings of the bases
• Nucleotide is a nucleoside containing phosphate group, while Nucleoside is the combination of pentose sugar and nitrogenous base via glycosidic bond. When nucleotide is formed, the linkage to other nucleotide is phosphodiester bond
• Types of ribose are D and L-ribose but D-ribose is the most common in nature of life
• Types of nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine (in DNA only), and Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine (in RNA only)
• The base-pair rule is that Cytosine paired with Guanine, Adenine paired with Thymine if on DNA, Adenine paired with Uracil if on RNA
• Thymine/Uracil paired with adenine creates 2 hydrogen bond while Cytosine and Guanine creates 3 hydrogen bond
• Purines consist of two rings: six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring, while Pyrimidines consist of 1 ring: single six-membered ring
• The types of nucleic acid are also called polynucleotide or genetic material
• 2 types of nucleic acid: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• DNA: is a double stranded that wrapped forming double helix material which have an antiparallel fashion that is complementary to each other with directionality of 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'. Also a distinct attribute observed in all life forms
• RNA: is a single stranded material which had a direction of 3' to 5', a strand for coding a specific protein.
• The DNA contains 2 types of grooves: minor and major grooves that give spaces for protein attachment
• Bases have an ability to attach to each other if do not follow the base pair rule, but it cant be used in the concept of mutation due to have thermodynamic instability of base-pair
• 7 types of RNAs are mRNA, tRNA, rRNA (component for translation), hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear) which is a precursor and intermediate for mature mRNA, snRNA (small nuclear) which is a mRNA processing that adds poly(A) tail, and miRNA (microRNA) & siRNA (small interfering) which regulates gene expression (transcription and translation)
• 2 types of prokaryotic genome: Chromosomes and Plasmids
• Chromosome is a genetic element of prokaryotes which have a circular structure, contain 1 chromosome only but some might greater than 1 and gene essential for major processes
• Plasmids is a small molecule of DNA genetic element that replicate independently, mimic the chromosomes structure (it could be circular or linear),and not essential for normal bacterial function but confer survival advantageous
• 5 types of plasmids are: fertility factor, resistance factor, bacteriocin factor, virulence plasmid, and cryptic plasmid
• Fertility Factors is a type of plasmid that contain a gene for transferring of genetic material and this gene called tra gene also used in protein synthesis
• Resistance Factor is a type of plasmid containing a gene that resist in antibiotics (e.g., pseudomonas aeruginosa which is a tarantadong organism nga budlay patyon)
• Bacteriocin Factor is a type of plasmid containing a gene within the host which have an antibiotic analog that kills closely related species
• Virulence plasmid is a type of plasmid containing a gene that helps for colonization and attachment to host producing toxin and enzyme
• Cryptic plasmid is unknown plasmid which doesn't have function (in the process)
• Example of plasmid in prokaryotes is Plasmid 100 that contain tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamide, mercuric ion, and streptomycin
• 2 types of eukaryotic genome: Nuclear DNA and Extranuclear DNA
• Nuclear DNA contains more than 1 chromosome per cell which have a a structure of linear and sequestered within membrane-bound organelle (nucleus)
• Chromosome in eukaryotic contain 2 sets of copy of chromosome, 1 type only of chromosome, and code for 95% of RNA and proteins
• Extranuclear DNA is a DNA molecule found only in MITOCHONDRIA and CHLOROPLAST organelle which have a circular and resemble structure of some prokaryotes and code only for 5% of RNA and proteins
• Other microorganism (protozoa and fungi) carry plasmids
• Transposable element are prone to degradation but transfer the gene from other microorganism DNA (e.g., jumping gene which virus originated)