3.4-3.5

• diffusion - the spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas
• relocation diffusion - the spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
• expansion diffusion - the outward spread of cultural traits through exchange without migration
• contagious diffusion - when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people
• hierarchical diffusion - the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence
• reverse hierarchical diffusion - a group of lower status to a group of higher status
• stimulus diffusion - when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait
• imperialism - a broader concept that includes a variety of ways of influencing other countries or groups by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural domination
• animism - the belief that all living things have spirits or souls that can be seen, heard, and felt
• lingua franca - a language that is used for communication between people who do not share a common language
• pidgin language - a language that is a mixture of two languages
• creole language - a language that is a mixture of two or more languages