Industrialism

• Industrial Revolution


  Changes in the techniques of manufacture, exploitation of natural resources, and distribution of products to consumers beginning in Britain during the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries
• Why the Industrial Revolution began in England


  • Political climate of Britain
  • Access to world markets due earlier commercial and naval successes
  • British society promoted risk-taking and innovation
  • High degree of social mobility
  • Strong, well-established system of capitalism (early stages)
• Capital


  Wealth that is not consumed but is used to produce more wealth
• There had been commercial capitalism in Europe at least since the sixteenth century
• Agricultural Revolution in Britain


  1. Landowners began experimenting with new methods of cultivation

  2. Used more fertilizers

  3. Introduced new tools, such as seed drill

  4. Introduced new crops, such as turnips

  5. Used a more scientific system of crop rotation, due to fodder crops
• Effects of Agricultural Revolution


  • Improvements required an investment of capital, which was impossible so long as the soil was tilled by poor and custom-bound small farmers
  • "Enclosure acts" put land under a strict regime of private ownership and individual management, rather than traditional communal ownership of land
  • Ownership of land in England became concentrated in the hands of a small class of substantial farmers
  • Farms became more productive—fewer farmers were needed to produce more food....LABOR WAS THUS RELEASED FOR OTHER PURSUITS
  • Working people became mobile; they would go wherever the jobs were
• Development of the Steam Engine

  1. There was a shortage of timber in the early 1700s in England, and the iron smelters turned increasingly to coal

  2. Coal mines often flooded, and the steam engine began as a means to pump water out of the mine shafts (Thomas Newcomen, 1702)

  3. 1763 James Watt began to make improvements in Newcomen's engine

  4. At first the engines were so cumbersome that they could only be used as stationary engines, such as in mines and mills

  5. Soon after 1800 the steam engine was used to propel river boats

  6. 1820s steam engines used in moving vehicles
• Innovations in the Textile Industry


  1. In the 1730s looms were improved to produce more

  2. In the 1760s and 1780s spinning devices became mechanized (Spinning Jenny) using steam power

  3. Late 1700s power looms were developed
• British advances in the textile industry


  Increased demand for cotton in the US
• Effects of the Industrial Revolution


  • Populations shifted from the countryside to the cities
  • Manchester, England is the first, and most famous of modern-day industrial cities
  • Until 1835 there was no regular procedure in England for the incorporation of new cities; so those cities had no legal existence. They lacked proper officials and adequate tax-raising and law-making bodies. This made it difficult to deal with rapid urbanization, such as provisions for police protection, water and sewers, or the disposal of garbage
  • Skilled laborers found themselves degraded in status, as factories largely only required unskilled labor
  • Women and children were often preferred as workers
  • Long hours and low wages
  • New capitalist class who made their money through intelligence, persistence, and foresight: largely "cotton lords"
  • Robert Peel, a "cotton magnate," pushed the Factory Act through Parliament in 1802: attempted to regulate the conditions in which pauper children were employed in the textile mills, but it provided no adequate body of factory inspectors, and was therefore really just a step in the right direction
• Capitalism


  Developed fully during the Industrial Revolution
• Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"


  Published in 1776, criticized the mercantilist system, saying the government should allow the "natural laws" of production and exchange to work freely in economic markets—laissez-faire
• Principles of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations"


  • Supply and demand
  • Govt. should do as little as possible within the market—free trade
• The concentration of working people in city and factory


  Opened the way to improvement in their condition; it made their misery apparent
• Workers developed a sense of solidarity, class interest, and common political aims; in time they became organized in unions
• The Industrial Revolution would make Europe overwhelmingly more powerful than other parts of the world, leading to a worldwide European ascendancy in the form of imperialism
• By the 20th century it provoked retaliation, in which other countries tried to quickly industrialize in self-protection, or to improve the condition of their peoples, desperately hoping to catch up with the West, while widely denouncing it as imperialist and capitalist
• i.e. USSR and China
• Revolutions of 1848


  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Pan Slav
  • Austria
  • Hungary
• End of the age of Metternich
• Several European nations were swept by a series of simultaneous revolutions
• Causes of the revolutions


  • Bad government and living conditions
  • Liberalism
  • Nationalism
• Revolutions were mainly led by college students
• Britain and Russia did not experience the revolutions that otherwise swept over the continent
• The revolutions generally failed and conservatives regained power because of conflicting philosophies - all "isms" don't work well together
• The groups had differing goals
• France


  • Caused by widespread food shortages and increased desire for voting rights outside of just the landowners
  • Unemployment increased which fueled the revolutions
  • Louis Philippe was widely disliked by the people of France due to him focusing on the upper class that didn't need change rather than the middle and lower classes who were struggling due to bad conditions
  • Unrest between the people led to political uprising and the lower classes demanding lowered prices
  • The revolutions resulted in increased for men who did not own land and were lower class
• Germany


  • After the middle of the decade, a severe economic depression halted industrial expansion and aggravated urban unemployment
  • The March Revolutions of 1848-1849 in germany lead to outbreaks on the streets for representatives for the confederation
  • On May 18th, 1848, the Frankfurt assembly gather to make the German Constitution
  • March 27, 1849 the frankfurt parliament produced its constitution but was deferred by Frederick William IV
  • Paris suddenly confronted a strong and united German state that presented a serious to French interests
  • Bismarck created the northern german confederation
  • Treaty of Frankfurt lead to the unification of Germany
  • In the course of the spring of 1866, Bismarck concluded an alliance with the Italy
• Pan Slav


  • In June 1848, during a period of political weakness of the Austrian Empire, Czech historian Frantisek Palacky convened the first Slavic congress in Prague
  • The congress pushed for an equal, democratic Habsburg rule upon the eastern Austrian territories
  • Organized in the first half of the nineteenth century by West and South Slav intellectuals, scholars, and poets
  • Centered in Prague
  • In WWI, there was conflicts between Serbia and Austria-Hungary that was significantly caused by Pan Slavism
  • Russian Pan Slavists differed from other Pan Slavic nationalities as they believed Russia to be culturally superior over western Europe, and desired for Russia to gain complete political dominance over the Continent
  • The "Manifesto to the European peoples" was a main accomplishment of Polish democratic politicians. This document highlighted the superiority of national rights over international treaties. However, the "Manifesto" did little to influence politics after its release
  • In the early 20th century the Pan-Slavist movement was called to revive but could not be done because of nationalistic rivalries among the movement
• Austria


  • Austria suppressed Nationalism because it was so ethnically diverse that the country would be torn apart
  • Metternich was overthrown in Vienna on March 13 1848
  • The only law that was passed abolished feudalism
  • Liberals fought for freedom of press
  • Liberals established the Venetian Government that lasted only 5 days
  • The government of Austria and Hungary split up and became a dual monarchy
  • Conservatives were appointed in the place of liberal venetian governments
• Hungary


  • In 1830, a reformist group led by Ferenc Deák came to power in the Hungarian Parliament
  • Some of the reformist group's members looked to the U.S. as a model for its religious tolerance and jury trial system
  • In 1841, Kossuth's political journal, Pesti Hírlap, which exposed social injustice and called for reforms
  • On March 15th, thousands of students marched the Pest, causing disturbances to spread around the country
  • In April 1848, Hungary became the 3rd country of continental europe. Many Americans were sympathetic to Hungary's revolt to Austria's rule. Some Hungarian leaders even cited the American Revolution as an inspiration
• Trees do not grow indoors, so what is a massive tree doing in the middle of Great Britain's Crystal Palace in 1851
• The Industrial Revolution indicates a fundamental change in the way goods were made for sale from goods made by hand to goods made by machine
• Reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain


  • Agricultural Revolution led to increase in food supply
  • Abundant supply of capital
  • Abundance of entrepreneurship
  • Favorable government policies
  • Rich in mineral resources
  • Abundance of markets
  • Incentives for inventors
• Significant inventions that gave rise to the Industrial Revolution


  • Spinning jenny invented by James Hargraves in 1764
  • Steam engine invented by James Watt in 1769
• The Great Exhibition in 1851 was an international celebration of Britain's industrial capacity, with the Crystal Palace as the centerpiece
• The Crystal Palace was almost as large as three city blocks and put Britain's industrial capacity on full display
• The Crystal Palace contained exhibits from all over the British Empire, including a massive tree growing indoors to show Britain's mastery of nature
• Factors that determined how quickly industrialization spread to the European continent


  • France's relative lack of coal and iron deposits
  • Persistence of old economic arrangements in Southern and Eastern Europe
  • Lack of mineral deposits in Southern and Eastern Europe
• The Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s and 1850s was devastating, leading to millions of deaths and mass emigration