4:Cognition and Motivation

• Vroom's Expectancy Theory


  This theory states that people will behave based on what they expect as a result of their behavior. In other words, people will work in relation to the expected reward.
• Valence


  The desirability of an outcome
• 3 factors of vroom:

  Valence

  Instrumentality

  Expectancy
• Instrumentality


  The perceived probability that effective
• Expectancy


  The perceived probability that effort will result in the required level of performance
• Goal setting theory


  a theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

  
  

  Locke and Latham
• Features of effective goals


  Goals must be specific and challenging

  Goals must be measurable

  Goals must be attainable
• Why do goals motivate people?

  Direct attention and effort towards activities

  Energise behaviour - lead people to expend effort

  Induce persistence and prolonged effort

  Influence the acquisition and use of task-relevant knowledge and strategies that increase the chances of success.
• Under what conditions do goals lead to motivation and performance?


  When individuals are committed to their goals

  When feedback on progress is provided

  The relationship between goal setting and performance is the strongest for low complexity tasks. Why?

  When situational constraints does not interfere
• Goal orientation


  People tend to adopt one of two orientations in work-related (achievement) situations:

  -mastery goal orientation

  -Performance goal orientation (PGO)
• Learning/ mastery goal orientation


  orientation in which individuals are concerned with increasing their competence for the task at hand; they view errors and mistakes as part of the learning process

  believe ability can be developed
• Performance goal orientation


  views situations as ego threatening and or enhancing(protecting the self)

  try to improve competence

  want to obtain favorable evaluations from others

  believe the ability is fixed