support and movements

• All living things need a support system to provide them with support, movement and to help them survive in a given environment
• Movement


  The act of changing position or place by the entire body of an organism or by one or more of its parts
• Kinesiology


  The study of movement
• Levels of movement


  • Molecular level: Brownian movement
  • Cellular level: Cyclosis, swimming movement of male gametes, ciliary and flagellar movement
  • Organ level: Heartbeat, contraction of muscle
  • Organism level: flying, running
• Types of movement


  • Nonmuscular movement
  • Muscular movement
• Nonmuscular movement


  • Cytoplasmic streaming movement (cyclosis), Amoeboid (pseudopodial) movement, Ciliary movement, Flagellar movement
• Muscular movement


  Produced by movement of muscle (contraction and relaxation)
• Advantages of movement to animals


  • Movements of external body parts
  • Movements of internal body parts
  • Movements within the cells
• Locomotion


  The movement of an organism as a whole resulting in change of place
• Locomotion distinguishes animals from plants
• Advantages of locomotion


  • Escape from enemies and predators
  • Search for food and water
  • Escape from unfavorable environment
  • Find mate
  • Find shelter
  • Migrate
• The support system in humans and animals consists of the skeleton or skeletal system and muscular system
• Types of skeletal systems


  • Exoskeleton
  • Endoskeleton
• Functions of endoskeleton


  • Offers a firm base for muscle attachment
• All vertebrates have an endoskeleton
• Components of musculoskeletal system


  • Skeletal tissue (connective tissue): Bones, Cartilage, Blood
  • Muscular tissue: Soft tissues of muscles
• All vertebrates have an endoskeleton and muscles for movement
• Components of endoskeleton in mammals


  • Bones
  • Cartilages
• Bone


  Hard tissue made up mainly of minerals like calcium, phosphate and calcium carbonate
• Cartilage


  Semi-rigid flexible connective tissue made up of aggrecan, water and fibres (collagen and elastin)
• Cartilage is non-mineralized and bones are mineralized
• Cartilage tissue is phylogenetically older than bone tissue
• Types of cartilage


  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage


  • Blue-white and translucent, low-friction and wear-resistant, aids in sliding within the bones, designed to bear and distribute weight, present within joints
• Fibrocartilage


  • Tough, white and inflexible, provides protection, strength and resistance to tearing and compression, strongest kind of cartilage due to dense collagen fibres, found in spine
• Elastic cartilage


  • Chondrocytes found in a threadlike network of elastic fibres within the matrix, provides strength, elasticity and maintains the shape of certain structures like external ear and epiglottis, flexible due to collagen and elastic fibres
• Features of cartilage


  • Receives nutrition by diffusion through matrix from nearest capillaries, no lymphatics, present thin canals to provide nutrition to deepest core, no nerve supply thus insensitive
• Bone is the hardest connective tissue
• Categories of bones


  • Axial bone (head, neck, back, chest)
  • Appendicular bone (arms, legs, pelvis, shoulders)
• Classification of bones by shape


  • Long bone
  • Short bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone
• Functions of bones


  • Support
  • Protect
  • Act as levers
  • Provide mineral storage
  • Fat storage
  • Hormone production
  • Blood formation
  • Hearing
  • Speaking
  • Movement
• Components of bone


  • Inorganic components: Hydroxyapatite, CaCO3, Mg2+, Na+, S, F
  • Organic components: Osteoid, Cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes)
• Bone is regarded as an organ because it has nervous tissue, connective tissue, cartilage and blood vessels
• Types of bone


  • Compact (periosteal) bone
  • Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Compact (periosteal) bone


  • Present in diaphysis part of long bone, lamellae arranged in regular Haversian system/osteon, single marrow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
• Spongy (cancellous) bone


  • Present in epiphysis part of long bone, lamellae arranged irregularly, many marrow cavities filled with red bone marrow
• Parts of bone


  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
  • Matrix
  • Bone Marrow
• Periosteum


  • Outer covering of the bone to which muscles attach, made up of dense irregular fibrous tissue, contains nerve fibres, blood and lymph vessels, has osteogenic layer with primitive stem cells to form new bone cells
• Endosteum


  • Contains the bone marrow cavity, formed by highly vascular areolar tissue having collagen fibres, blood vessels, and osteoblasts
• Matrix


  • Dense and hard substance made of protein ossein, has depositions of calcium and magnesium salts, collagen fibres provide strength and resiliency, minerals give hardness