Fundamental Particles

• Particle


  General term for the smallest pieces of substance
• Melting 


  Changing state from solid to liquid when heat is added
• Boiling /Evaporating 


  Changing state from liquid to gas when heat is added
• Condensing


  Changing state from gas to liquid when is heat is taken away
• Freezing 


  Changing state from liquid to solid when heat is taken away
• Sublimation


  Changing state directly from solid to gas when heat is added
• Deposition 


  Changing state directly from gas to solid when heat is taken away
• Intermolecular bonds


  Forces of attraction between particles. Changing state means changing the bonds
• When cooling happens:

  • Particles lose energy
  • Particles reform forces of attraction
  • Particles attracted to eachother can’t move apart
  • Particles with low energy can’t move fast
• Heating curve: The graph of temperature against time for a substance in a closed system.

  
• Cooling curve: The graph that shows the rate of cooling of a substance as it is cooled.

  
• Solid

  • In a solid particles are arranged close to each other in a regular pattern
  • There is no empty space between the particles
  • The particles cannot move from their fixed position
  • The particles have a small amount of energy- they can vibrate in a fixed position but can’t move around
• Liquid

  • Particles are always touching each other but in a random arrangement
  • Particles can move and slide over each other but do not lose contact
• Gas

  • Particles are spaced far apart with no fixed position
  • Particles can move randomly in any directions
  • Particles are moving around very quickly
• Solid: firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid

  
• Liquid: a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a consistency like that of water or oil

  
• Gas: a substance or matter in a state in which it will expand freely to fill the whole of a container, having no fixed shape (unlike a solid) and no fixed volume (unlike a liquid)
• Particles or atoms


  What all materials are made up of
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solids


  • Definite shape, definite volume, high density, not easily squashed, do not flow
• Liquids


  • Takes the shape of the bottom of the container, definite volume, medium density, not easily squashed, flow easily
• Gases


  • Fill the shape of the container, can be squashed, low density, flow easily
• Strength of forces of attraction

  Solid > liquid > gas
• Melting


  Change of state between a solid and a liquid
• Boiling


  Change of state between a liquid and a gas
• Condensation


  Change of state from a gas to a liquid
• Freezing


  Change of state from a liquid to a solid
• Things that will increase gas pressure


  • Increasing the temperature
  • Reducing the volume
• Diffusion


  The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Dissolving


  When you add a solid to a liquid, the bonds break and the particles mix together forming a solution
• Solute


  The solid being dissolved
• Solvent


  The liquid the solid is dissolving into
• Solution


  A mixture of a solute and solvent that does not separate out
• Soluble


  A solid that will dissolve
• Insoluble


  A solid that will not dissolve
• Saturated


  A solution that will not dissolve any more solute at that temperature
• Solubility


  A measure of how much a solute will dissolve
• Solubility increases when temperature increases

  At higher temperatures more solute will dissolve in the solvent because particles move faster
• Atom


  A tiny particle that is the basic building block of matter