INTRO TO GENETICS

• Genes: determinants of most of organism phenotypic traits
• Phenocopy: Alteration of phenotype
• Causes of variation:

  Genotypic Variance: Inherited

  Environmental variance: acquired
• Genotypic variance: differences in the genetic make up between organisms
• Environmental variance: Difference in environment between organisms
• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism, including the alleles it carries.
• Phenotype: Observable traits
• Levels of organization:

  cell - tissues - organs - organ systems - organisms
• Genetics: a fundamental/basic science that helps us understand our surroundings and organisms
• Applied science which serves as a practical value for human welfare
• to understand and describe evolution
• evolution: change that occurs to organisms over time
• Genetics: study of inherited traits and their variation
• Heredity: transmission of traits and biological information between generations.
• Genes: Units of heredity, contains genetic instructions for making proteins.
• DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, contains genetic information and traits
• DNA; 2 strands, antiparallel, double helix, complementary base pairing; Hydrogen bond
• Adenine - thymine

  Cytosine - Guanine
• Genome: The complete set of genetic instructions of an organism, including all the genes and the DNA that codes for them.
• Human Genome Project: map & sequence of the entire human genome
• Levels of Genetics and Genomics:

  Molecular - Cell - Tissue - Organs - Individuals - Families - Population - Evolution of Species
• Genomics: entire genome sequencing of an organism, including all genes and their associated regulatory sequences
• Building blocks: Nucleotide: Phosphate

  Deoxyribose - sugar
• DNA can replicate on its own during cell division
• DNA provide information to manufacture proteins
• DNA Replication: The process of copying the DNA molecule in a cell.
• Transcription: process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence
• Translation: The mRNA sequence encoded into amino acids
• Mutation: a change in a gene, spontaneously happen - errors in replication induced through radiation and exposure chemicals
• Mutation: permanent alteration in a DNA sequence
• Human Genome: 20,325 protein encoding genes
• exons: regions of the genome that encode proteins
• introns: regions of the genome that do not code forr proteins
• Allele: Gene variants, alternative form of a gene that occupy locus
• Dominant trait: A trait that is expressed even when the allele is recessive.
• Recessive traits: A trait that is expressed only when the allele is present in the genotype. masked
• chromosomes: thread like structures located inside the nucleus
• each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA. carry genetic information
• Karyotype: A chart of the number of chromosomes in a cell.
• Mendelian trait: a trait that is controlled by a single gene and is expressed in a Mendelian pattern