ICT

• Seven-Segment Display


  Electronic display device that can display numerals and some letters. It consists of seven LED segments arranged in the shape of the digit 8.
• Seven-Segment Display


  • Types: Common-anode and common-cathode displays
  • Segments: Each segment represents a particular part of the digit. The seven segments are labeled as A, B, C, D, E, F, and G.
• Segment Designation


  Each segment is activated or deactivated to form numerals and some letters. Allows the display of numbers from 0 to 9.
• Configuration


  Common-anode displays have a shared positive connection, while common-cathode displays have a shared negative connection.
• How Seven-Segment Display Works


  1. By selectively activating the appropriate segments, different numbers or letters can be displayed

  2. Understanding the logic behind which segments need to be activated for each numeral.
• Applications of Seven-Segment Displays


  • Digital clocks
  • Counters and timers
  • Measurement devices
  • Consumer electronics
• Advantages of Seven-Segment Displays

  • Low cost, simple interface, low power consumption, and ease of use
• Limitations of Seven-Segment Displays


  • Limited to displaying numbers and some letters, not suitable for displaying complex graphics or characters
• Advanced Variants


  • Multi-Segment Displays: Displays with more than seven segments, allowing for the display of additional characters and symbols
  • Dot-Matrix Displays: Arrays of LEDs arranged in a matrix, offering greater flexibility in displaying alphanumeric characters and graphics
• Potentiometer


  A three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider
• Construction of Potentiometers


  • Rotary and linear types
  • Resistive element made of materials like carbon, cermet, or conductive plastic
  • Rotary potentiometers have a circular resistive track, while linear potentiometers have a linear track
  • The wiper, typically made of conductive material, moves along the resistive track, altering the output voltage
• How Potentiometers Work


  • Operate based on the principle of voltage division
  • By adjusting the position of the wiper along the resistive track, the ratio of resistances between the wiper and the fixed terminals changes, altering the voltage output
• Types of Potentiometers


  • Rotary Potentiometers
  • Linear Potentiometers
  • Multi-Turn Potentiometers
  • Trimmer Potentiometers
• Applications of Potentiometers


  • Volume control
  • Brightness control
  • Tuning
  • Voltage regulation
  • Sensing and feedback
• Practical Considerations for Potentiometers


  • Power rating
  • Taper (linear or logarithmic)
  • Mechanical durability
  • Noise
• 1. Terminal Push Button


  A push button with four terminals, divided into two pairs: one pair for the normally open (NO) contacts and the other pair for the normally closed (NC) contacts
• Functionality of 4-Terminal Push Buttons


  When the button is not pressed, the NC contacts are connected, completing one circuit, while the NO contacts remain open, interrupting the second circuit. When the button is pressed, the NC contacts open, breaking the first circuit, and the NO contacts close, completing the second circuit.
• Servo Motor


  An electromechanical device that provides precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. It typically consists of a motor, feedback mechanism (potentiometer or encoder), control circuitry, and gears.
• Working Principle of Servo Motors


  • Operate on a closed-loop control system, where the desired position is compared with the actual position via feedback, and adjustments are made to minimize error
  • Use Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) control algorithms to adjust the motor's output based on the feedback signal
  • Controlled using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals, where the width of the pulse determines the position of the motor shaft
• Types of Servo Motors


  • DC Servo Motors
  • AC Servo Motors
  • Brushed vs. Brushless
• Applications of Servo Motors


  • Robotics
  • CNC Machinery
  • Aerospace
• Advantages of Servo Motors

  • Precision
  • Speed
  • Torque
• Challenges and Considerations for Servo Motors

  • Cost
  • Complexity
  • Maintenance
• Future Trends in Servo Motors


  • Miniaturization
  • Integration with AI
  • Energy Efficiency