Science (UPCAT)

• Science is a systematic study that is concerned with facts and principles, and methods that could be observed in our natural or physical and social environment
• Science


  Comes from the Latin word 'scire' that means 'to know'
• Science


  • It is both a body of knowledge and a process – a way of thinking, a way of solving problems
• The Branches of Science

  • The Physical Sciences
  • The Earth Sciences
  • The Life Sciences (Biology)
• Physics


  The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them
• Chemistry


  The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter
• Astronomy


  The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere
• Geology


  The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing
• Oceanography


  The exploration and study of the ocean
• Paleontology


  The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods
• Meteorology


  The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate
• Botany


  The study of plants
• Zoology


  The science that covers animals and animal life
• Genetics


  The study of heredity
• Medicine


  The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury
• Scientific Method


  1. Identify and clearly state the problem

  2. Gather information pertinent to the problem

  3. Formulate hypothesis

  4. Test the hypothesis

  5. Draw a generalization or conclusion

  6. Apply the principle (conclusion) to other situations
• Phenomenon


  A thing observed by the senses
• Fact


  A scientifically tested observation
• Controlled experiment


  • Manipulating one of the conditions or factors that may affect the result of experiment
  • Trials - number of times experiment is repeated
  • Controls - factors that are kept constant throughout the experiment
  • Variables - factors that change during the experiment
• Independent or experimental variable


  Factors that are changed
• Dependent variable


  Factors that change as a result of changes in the independent variable
• Conclusion


  A statement about the result of the experiment
• Law


  A statement which describes what happens but does not explain the cause of the occurrence
• Theory


  Hypothesis that can be explained from observations
• Scientific Traits


  • Curiosity
  • Logic and system
  • Open-mindedness
  • Intellectually honest
  • Hardwork and perseverance
  • Not opinionated
  • Creativity and critical thinking
• Technology


  The application of scientific knowledge to practical purposes
• Types of Technology


  • Machines
  • Products
  • Processes
• Measurement


  The process of comparing a quantity with a chosen standard
• Basic Quantities in the International System (SI) of Measurement

  • Length
  • Mass
  • Time
  • Electric current
  • Temperature
  • Amount of substance
  • Luminous intensity / light
• Two factors affect the degree of measurements: (a.) the ability to use the measuring instruments properly and (b.) the precision of the instrument
• Unit factor method


  A systematic technique for solving numerical problems by cancelling units not desired using fixed relationships, leaving behind the unit desired
• Metric Prefixes


  • giga
  • mega
  • kilo
  • hecto
  • deka
  • deci
  • centi
  • milli
  • micro
  • nano
  • pico
• Fahrenheit temperature scale


  Based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts
• Celsius temperature scale


  Based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water
• Metric prefixes


  Like 'kilo' and 'milli', they are very handy for understanding metric conversions
• Temperature scales in use today

  • Fahrenheit
  • Celsius
  • Kelvin
• Centigrade temperature scale


  Scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water
• Kelvin temperature scale


  The base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement, defined as 1/273.16 of the triple point of pure water
• Converting Celsius to Kelvin

  K = °C + 273
• Volume


  The amount of space that an object occupies