Unit 1 Science

• Energy is the ability to do work
• Potential energy is stored energy that can be used later on
• Energy can give off light, heat, sound, shape and movement
• Energy can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
• The three types of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation
• Conduction is when particles collide with one another causing them to move faster which causes an increase in temperature
• Convection is where hot air rises because it has less density than cold air so cooler air replaces it at ground level
• Radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from objects due to their temperature
• The total amount of energy in the Universe is a fixed number
• Renewable energy is energy from a source that won't run out
• Non-renewable energy is energy from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes
• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles which include: protons (+), neutrons and electrons (-)
• Protons and neutrons can be found in the nucleus of an atom, electrons orbit around the outside
• Particles with the same charge will repel each other, and particles with opposite charges will attract each other
• Renewable resources include wind, moving water and solar energy
• Non-renewable sources include coal, natural gas and oil
• Conductors are materials that transfers heat quickly, an example could be metals.
• Insulators do not transfer heat easily, an example of an insulator can be plastic, wood, cloth and rubber.
• All metals are heat conductors.
• Light bulbs and LED lights are very common electrical components. They are represented by a circle with an X through the middle.

  
• A resistor is represented as a box, or a zigzag line.

  
• A cell is a type of energy source. It is represented by two lines, one of which is longer than the other. A battery is made out of several cells which are joined together. A battery may be drawn as shown below.

  
• Many household circuits have switches. When a switch is closed, it allows electrons to flow across it. Electrons are not able to flow across an open switch because the circuit is broken.

  
• Ammeters measure the current flowing through a circuit. Ammeters are represented by a circle with an "A" in the middle.

  
• Voltmeters measure the voltage supplied to a circuit. Voltmeters are represented by a circle with a "V" in the middle.

  
• A series circuit is formed when all the circuit components are in a line. This circuit forms a single loop. A series circuit is pictured below:

  
• A parallel circuit is made up of many branches or loops of wire. Each branch has circuit components on it. A parallel circuit is pictured below:

  
• Each branch in a parallel circuit has the same voltage across them.
• Series circuits has the same current through every component, whilst parallel circuits splits the current.
• Series circuits splits the voltage through every component.