Aimed to increase birth rates and decrease death rates afterWW2
Fertility rate increased from 1.8 to 2.03
Banned contraceptives till 1967
Paid maternity leave
Part time shifts for nursing mothers
Paid couples up to 1000 euros for their 3 kids
30%reduction on all transport for couples with 3 kids
Partial paid healthcare
Free education since the age of 3
Increase investment in education, healthcare and public transport
Successful as France has one of the highest fertility rates even after 80 years
Anti-natal policies
One child policy in 1979
Aimed to improve quality of life and reducepoverty
Fertility rate decreased from 2.1 to 1.5
Couples must get sterilized after their first child to prevent any further births
If not sterilized, abortions were forced
5 - 10% salary raise if they only had 1 child
10% cut onsalary for couples with more than 1 child
Second child doesn't receive chinese citizenship
Increase in number of economically independent people
Decreased investment in education, healthcare and public transport, saving the economy 3.1 billion dollars
Successful as China prevented 300 million births
Certain villages in Mexico such as Santa Ines, have lost ⅔ of their inhabitants
Strains on public services in the US, making them inaccessible
Discrimination or xenophobia due to difference in background
There are around 11.2 million Mexican immigrants in the US in 2019
Migration can separate family members
Push factors for migration from Mexico to USA
War, crime, violence, lack of amenities (jobs, healthcare, education), lack of clean water and hygiene
Pull factors for migration from Mexico to USA
Jobopportunities, educationopportunities, accesstoamenities, safety, clean water access
Due to natural disasters, people are often displaced and so they migrate
The two largest palm oil producers in the world are Indonesia and Malaysia
Why palm oil became popular
It was a healthy alternative to trans fats, it is cheap and grows fast
Palm oil requires less land to mass produce compared to other oils, so it is the best choice for mass production
Roughly 40% of deforestation between 2000 and 2018 was caused for palm oil plantations, that's approximately 6 million acres of forest loss
Burning down the forests kills all the biodiversity and ecosystems, but also re-releasescarbonemissions into the atmosphere which traps heat causing the earth's temperatures to rise contributing to climate change which can cause a domino effect of other environmental problems such as icecapsmelting, and thermalexpansion
A roundtable on sustainable palm oil has been organized which aims to monitor, regulate, and set limits for production of palm oil
The mass production of palm oil for trade has created approximately 20,000 job opportunities for people in Indonesia, a newlyindustrializedcountry
The work conditions on the palm oil farms are too harsh. Workers are paid lowwages and work longintensivehours in the sun
Having large number of workers is vital to the palm oil production process, since if there are nomore workers there is nopalm oil to trade
The countries won't prioritize making the working conditions moreethical, or increase the wages because they care about the profit they make, so they prioritise their economicgrowth and economicstatus
Threats to rivers
Dams
Farms
Factories
Urban areas
Threats from dams
Flooding the areas, killing biodiversity, isolating biodiversity
Threats from farms
Fertilizers, fecal matter and pesticides runoff into the river which can contaminate it making it unsafe to drink, or kill the biodiversity in the river
Threats from factories
Chemical waste runs off into the river contaminating the water and harming the biodiversity, using cold water to cool engines and dumping the heated water into the river
Threats from urban areas
Impermeable surfaces causing waterbuildup and runoff of dirtywater and waste into the river during rainstorms
River protection strategies
Wetlands
Raingardens
Relocation of factories, farms or urbanareas
Permeable surfaces
Laws and rules
Wetlands
Patches of thicksoil that filter out water physically and biologically, reducing chemicals entering the water
Rain gardens
Man made shallow holes that collect water near impermeable surfaces and recirculates it into the river
Relocation of factories, farms or urban areas
Prevents direct contamination, but notsustainable and expensive
Permeable surfaces
Surfaces made from permeable materials so water from rainfall can be absorbed preventing overstimulation of the river
Laws and rules
Regulate and limit the amount and type of pesticides that can be used to help reducefurtherdamage from chemical runoff
The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is a multi-purpose project that has major functions of floodcontrol, electricityproduction, navigation and droughtalleviation
The TGD took 18 years to be fully complete, started in 1994 and finished by 2006, and was fully operational by 2012
China could've built several smaller dams across the Yangtze river to avoid flooding so much land, but it was moreefficient to build a larger dam. And building the biggest and mostpowerful dam is good for their prestige
Social impacts of the Three Gorges Dam
Significantly reduces the risk of flooding downstream and protectsmillions of people
Flooding of 13 cities, 140 towns and 1,350 villages as well as numerous archaeological and historical sites
1.4 million inhabitants were relocated and forced to migrate
Most fertile cropland were also submerged and resulted in urbanmigration for many
Farmers struggled since their lands were flooded
Unemploymentincreased due to the urban migrations
Economic impacts of the Three Gorges Dam
China spent 39 billion USD on the project
The Yangtze river is significantly rich in both water resources and hydropower, two vital resources for China's economicdevelopment
It accounts for 40% of China's output
The TGD provides large amounts of freshwater for agriculture
The TGD provides a huge improvement in shipping along the Yangtze river
The money from the project could have been spent on otherforms of renewable energy, but this is the biggest and strongest hydroelectric dam, or to focus on the development of the villagesaround
Environmental impacts of the Three Gorges Dam
Sustainable and renewable source of energy
Salinisation of fertile soil from the flooding during building
Factories were submerged when land was flooded for the dam reservoir, and toxins from the factory were released into the river which degraded the quality of the water
The degrading of water quality also affects the wildlife near and in the river overall affecting the ecosystems
Linear economy
An economicmodel that focuses on the production of its goods rather than sustainable practices, using the "take, make, and waste" system