AP

• Imperialism


  A policy or practice of extending a nation's power and domination
• Colonialism


  The control of a weaker nation by means of military presence to secure economic gains
• In imperialism, the stronger nation takes over the political institutions and controls the affairs in the colony
• China


  • A powerful empire when European explorers arrived during the Age of Discovery
  • Ruled by emperors of the Manchu Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty from 1644 to 1911
  • Assisted by a professional bureaucratic corps of Confucian-trained scholars known as mandarins

  
• Ethnic Han Chinese were expected to shave their foreheads and wear their hair in a long queue as a sign of their subservience to their Manchu overlords
• Europeans


  Initially came to exchange goods with the Chinese
• Items the British traded for in large quantity

  • Tea
• There was little if anything the people of the Middle Kingdom wanted from the Barbarians of the West
• Since the Chinese bought little from the West

  A trade imbalance resulted between Britain and China
• British gold and silver flowed into Chinese coffers
• Opium


  A highly addictive non-synthetic narcotic that is extracted from the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum
• Many Chinese quickly became addicted to opium, and money began to flow back into British coffers
• The Opium Wars


  1. Chinese authorities seized and destroyed cargoes of opium to halt the harmful trade

  2. British Chief Superintendent of Trade in China, Charles Elliott, was forced to hand over the stocks of opium at Canton for destruction

  3. The Chinese were easily defeated, and the British were able to dictate the terms of the peace treaty known as the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing)
• Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing)

  • Opening of five ports
  • Hong Kong was ceded to Britain in perpetuity
  • The Chinese would pay the war damage or indemnity
• Second Opium War


  1. The French decided to join the British military expedition, using as their excuse the murder of a French missionary in the interior of China in early 1856

  2. Allied troops in British warships reached Tianjin (Tientsin) and forced the Chinese into negotiations

  3. The treaties of Tianjin, signed in June 1858, provided residence in Beijing for foreign envoys, the opening of several new ports to Western trade and residence

  4. The importation of opium was legalized
• The treaties between China and foreign powers were unequal, with many ports opened to British residence and trade, and the Chinese treated as second-class citizens in their own country
• Extraterritoriality


  Immunity from local laws, foreigners had the right to be tried in court by the laws of their own country before a judge from their own country
• Taiping Rebellion


  • A revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasted from 1850 to 1864
  • The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan
  • The Taiping Rebellion eventually failed, and led to the deaths of more than 20 million people
• Sino-Japanese War


  • Conflict between Japan and China in 1894–95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire
  • The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea
  • The Treaty of Shimonoseki, which concluded the war, obliged China to recognize the independence of Korea and cede Taiwan to Japan
• Open Door Policy


  A statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity
• Boxer Rebellion


  • An officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China
  • "Boxers" was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan ("Righteous and Harmonious Fists")
• The First People's Republic of China is proclaimed; fall of the Manchu Qing dynasty (founded in 1644)

  1911

  
• World War I begins. China is allied with United States and Great Britain

  1914
• The Treaty of Versailles ends World War I


  1919
• Western Imperialism in East Asia (Japan)

  Lesson on how Western powers exerted influence over Japan
• In the 17th century, under the Tokugawa Shoguns, Japan was isolated
• Foreigners were banned from coming in and Japanese were forbidden to travel to other countries
• Japan was successful in keeping out Western society for 200 years
• In the early 19th century, Japan still refused the request for trading
• Tokugawa Shogunate


  Rulers of Japan from 1603-1868, had strong control over people, followed a traditional way of life, feudal society with a rigid caste system
• Commodore Matthew Perry


  In 1854, he and four U.S. warships arrived in previously isolated Japan, Japanese were impressed and scared of the technology on the ships, forced Japan to open up and start trade with the West
• Perry forced to open Japan, and started trade between Japan and the West, ending Japanese isolation
• What the United States wanted: Coaling stations, more trading partners, a place for ship-wrecked sailors
• Treaty of Kanagawa


  Two of Japan's ports now open to trade, by 1860 Japan gave foreigners permission to trade at special ports, Extraterritorial Rights
• The Shi-shi ("Men of High Purpose")


  Highly idealistic samurai who felt that the arrival of Westerners was an attack on the traditional values of Japan, believed Japan was sacred ground and the emperor was a God, were furious at the Shogun for signing treaties with the West without the Emperor's consent
• In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there
• A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai: "The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France."
• Japan did not want to experience the same problems China did: "unequal treaties" with the Western nations of Europe and the U.S., Opium Wars 1839-1842
• Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West to avoid the same problems of China
• Meiji Restoration

  A powerful group of samurai overthrow the Shogun, Sakamoto Ryoma helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a unified modern state, the last Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, was overthrown, in 1867 Emperor Mutsuhito who was once just a figurehead, now takes full power, Emperor Mutsuhito was only 15 years old and named his reign Meiji - "enlightened rule"