Chapter9

• Quantitative data


  Expressed as numbers
• Qualitative data


  Difficult to measure sensibly as numbers, for example, count number of words to measure dissatisfaction
• Quantitative analysis


  Numerical methods to ascertain size, magnitude, and amount
• Qualitative analysis


  Expresses the nature of elements and is represented as themes, patterns, or stories
• Be careful how you manipulate data and numbers!
• Basic quantitative analysis


  • Averages: Mean, Median, Mode
  • Percentages
• Graphical representations give overview of data
• Open question


  Each answer analyzed separately
• Closed question


  Analyzed quantitatively
• Fixed alternative answers restrict what can be said in findings
• Looking for critical incidents


  Helps to focus in on key events
• Identifying themes


  Emergent from data, dependent on observation framework if used
• Inductive analysis


  Categorizing data
• Deductive analysis


  Categorization scheme pre-specified
• In practice, combination of inductive and deductive
• Discourse Analysis


  Focuses on dialogue; that is, the meaning of what is said and how words convey meaning
• Discourse Analysis


  Assumption that there is no objective scientific "truth"
• Discourse Analysis

  Language is viewed as a constructive tool
• Content Analysis


  Involves classifying data into themes or categories and studying their frequencies
• Can be used for any "text": video, newspapers, advertisements, images, and sounds
• Often used in conjunction with other techniques
• Interaction Analysis


  A way to investigate and understand interactions between people and between people and artefacts
• Interaction Analysis


  Based on empirical observations such as videos
• Interaction Analysis


  Inductive process in teams, collaboratively
• Grounded Theory


  Seeks to develop theory from systematic analysis of empirical data
• Levels of 'coding' in Grounded Theory


  • Open: Identify categories
  • Axial: Flesh out and link to subcategories
  • Selective: Form theoretical scheme
• Researchers are encouraged to draw on own theoretical backgrounds to inform analysis
• Analytic tools to help stimulate Grounded Theory


  • Question the data
  • Analyze words, phrases or sentence
  • Comparisons between objects or abstract categories
• Socio-technical systems theory


  Understanding a whole socio-technical system requires different analytical framework
• Distributed Cognition of Teamwork


  Understanding a whole socio-technical system requires different analytical framework
• Tools to support data analysis

  • Spreadsheet
  • Statistical packages, for example, SAS and SPSS
  • Qualitative data analysis tools
  • Nvivo and Dedoose support qualitative data analysis
  • Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS) Networking Project
• • Categorization and theme-based analysis
  • Quantitative analysis of text-based data
• Structured notations have clear syntax and semantics to present particular viewpoint
• Stories are easy and intuitive approach to communicate ideas
• Summarize findings using a range of notations
• The data analysis that can be done depends on the data gathering that was done
• Qualitative and quantitative data may be gathered from any of the three main data gathering approaches
• Percentages and averages are commonly used in Interaction Design
• Mean, median, and mode are different kinds of 'average' and can have very different answers for the same set of data
• Analysis of qualitative data analysis may be inductive (extracted from the data), or deductive (pre-existing concepts)