ideologies

• what do revisionist socialists believe?

  socialism can be achieved under capitalism and private property, this links to the Third Way and post-war socialism
• what does Marx believe about human nature?


  -contaminated by capitalism

  -workers have no ownership over what’s produced
• according to luxemburg, how must a revolution arise?

  by strike action
• accoring to luxemburg what is an inevitable effect of capitalism?

  war
• accoring to luxemburg, what does capitalism promote?

  greed, people require products beyond what they actually need
• webb: what us a key feature of human nature?

  work—> rich are naturally superior to the poor
• who was on early thinker on the welfare state?

  beatrice webb
• which branch of socialism did webb closest align with?

  democratic socialism
• who wrote the original clause IV?


  webb
• why did webb like monopolies?

  believed they treated workers better than competitive markets
• what did Crosland believe the state were responsible for?

  delivering equality of outcome and opportunity through education and state housing
• Crosland believed the UK was no longer capitalist during the PWC, what did he believe about nationalisation?

  he believed it would not help the economy
• what were Giddens views on the welfare state?


  it should be reformed, it creates too much dependency and people on benefits muse make efforts to escape the poverty trap
• what did Crosland and Giddens agree on?


  education must be improved
• what did Giddens think about the society we live in?

  it is a high-risk and high-opportunity society
• why did Giddens support a free-market?


  encourages entrepreneurship, innovation and dynamism
• what did Giddens favour over equality of outcome?

  equality of opportunity
• what are the tensions within socialism about human nature?


  marxists focus on how society is damaged by capitalism but Third Way supporters believe individuals can flourish within a free-market due to competitive nature and self-fulfilment
• what are the tensions within socialism regarding society?


  -revolutionary or evolutionary

  -socialists don’t agree on the meaning of equality

  -Third Way favour equality of opportunity rather than equality of outcome
• what are the tensions within socialism regarding the state?


  -revolutionary or evolutionary?

  -Giddens wants it reform welfare state
• what are the tensions within socialism regarding the economy?


  Third-Way support free-market
• what do classical liberals believe about the state?


  -support principle of self-government

  -minimum government interference which will encourage self-responsibility and self-reliance

  -egotistical individualism
• what do modern liberals believe about the state?


  -enabling state

  -positive freedom: total freedom of choice would lead to exploitation
• what do modern liberals believe about freedom?


  positive freedom - humans will not reach their full potential if left completely alone and this will inhibit their progress
• what do modern and classical liberals agree on?


  -individual freedom

  -limited government

  -small state

  -capitalism

  -humans are self-reliant
• what does ‘the state is a necessary evil mean‘?


  Liberals believe individual freedom may lead to exploitation and corruption and the only way to stop this is through a sovereign state.
• what do liberals agree on regarding human nature?


  -self-reliant

  -strive for self-improvement
• modern views on human nature:

  -egotistical individualism

  -despite humans being selfish, we care about others because we are rational creatures

  -Mary Wollstonecraft ‘both men and women aren’t fixed in human nature therefore allowed to flourish’
• modern liberal views on human nature:


  -developmental individualism

  -we can sympathise with those less fortunate than us

  -John Rawls ‘mankind is selfish but also empathetic’
• what do classical liberals believe about society?


  -society should tolerate all individuals

  -John Locke: ‘society predates the state’

  -Mary Wollstonecraft: society is flawed due to the denying of education to women

  -Stuart Mill ‘best society is one where individuality coexists with tolerance’
• what do modern liberals believe about society?


  -John Rawls: ‘veil of ignorance’ the world we li’ve in should reflect the society we want to live in

  -if humans were given the chance to choose, we would choose a society which improves the conditions of the poorest

  -Betty Friedan: society remains chauvinistic and suggests male superiority
• what does developmental individualism mwan?

  individual freedom links to human flourishing
• what are the differing views on the economy amongst both strands of liberalism?


  -classical liberals favour a laisez-faire system whereas modern liberals favour a keynesian economy

  -classical liberals don’t like taxation but modern liberals like Rawls think redistribution of wealth through taxation is essential