organisation

• The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
• Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH. Each enzyme works best at a specific temperature, called its optimum temperature, and a specific pH, called its optimum pH. As temperature rises, enzyme activity generally increases. This is because heat provides energy for collisions between molecules, which can initiate reactions.
• How is epidermal tissue adapted for its function?

  Epidermal tissue covers the entire plant. It has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce transpiration from the leaf surface
• How is palisade mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?


  Palisade mesophyll tissue contains lots of chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to progress at a rapid rate.
• How is spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for its function?


  Spongy mesophyll tissue has lots of air spaces which allow gases to diffuse in and out.
• How is the xylem adapted for its function?

  ● Made up of dead cells which form a continuous hollow tube - allows the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves. ● Strengthened by lignin - makes the vessel strong and waterproof. ● Has bordered pits - allow minerals to be transported to specific places
• How is the phloem adapted for its function?


  ● Made up of elongated living cells. ● Cells have sieve plates that connect them together - cell sap can move through plates into other cells. ● Sieve tube cells have few organelles to allow the efficient transport of substances
• How is meristem tissue adapted for its function?

  Made up of stem cells which can differentiate into many different cell types, allowing the plant to grow.
• What is the function of guard cells?


  Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata, according to the water content of the plant
• How are stomata adapted for their function?


  Stomata allow the control of gaseous exchange and water loss from the leaf. ● More stomata on the base of the leaf - minimises water loss as this side is cooler and shaded. ● Have guard cells which control their opening and closing
• What is translocation?


  Translocation is the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant
• What is transpiration?


  Transpiration is the evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant
• How does transpiration work?


  ● Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the stomata. ● Water molecules cohere together more water is pulled up the xylem in an unbroken column. ● More water is taken up from the soil,creating a continuous transpiration stream.
• How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?


  Increasing the temperature increases the rate of transpiration as there is a higher rate of evaporation and diffusion of water therefore rate of transpiration is increased.
• How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?


  Increasing relative humidity decreases the rate of transpiration. High relative humidity will reduce the water vapour concentration gradient. The rate of evaporation will decrease, and so will the rate of transpiration
• How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?


  Increasing wind speed/air movement increases the rate of transpiration. Increased air movement lowers water vapour concentration outside of the leaf. This increases the water vapour concentration gradient, thereby increasing the rate of evaporation and transpiration
• How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?


  Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of transpiration. The rate of photosynthesis increases, so more stomata open. This allows the rate of evaporation to increase, increasing the rate of transpiration
• Pulmonary circulation

  The process by which blood is transported to the lungs for gas exchange
• Alveoli

  Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of gases takes place