ENGLISH

• Research

  • Gain expanded knowledge
  • Data gathering. Informative. Helpful for solution
  • Analyzation. Careful understanding
  • Systematic. Has an order
  • Gain new facts. Have result.
• Major Steps of Research

  1. Pose a question – ask urself what is the problem

  2. Collect data to answer a problem

  3. Presentation of result
• Logical Sequence of Research

  1. Identify topic

  2. Formulate question/hypothesis

  3. Locate references

  4. Gather data (reliable)

  5. Data analysis/interpretation

  6. Presentation of result
• Formulating a Topic

  Start with a problem. Use smart

  S – specific (not broad and complicated)

  M – measurable (can be identified thru methods ex. Qualitative and quantitative)

  A – attainable (can it be accomplished with the given period of time)

  R – Result focused (does it have result?)

  T – timely (relevant to present)
• APA 7th Edition


  Detailed infos abt the source. Found in ref page (end of paper)

  2 Ways: 1. Manually – traditional. 2. APA Generator – digital. Practical. Using sites.

  4 Components: 1. Author – responsible for the work, 2. Date – year of publication, 3. Title – name of the work, 4. Source – where can be retrieved (link)
• APA Citation Example


  • Coron, T. (2008). [title] [source]
• Reference List

  Alphabetically

  Double spacing

  Indention after author name

  No statement from the author
• Parenthetical In-Text Citation

  There is statement from the author

  (J. 2019)
• Quotation

  There is statement of the author

  "Statement from the author" (Tally, 2001, p38)
• Paraphrase

  Change structure of sentences. No page number

  [paraphrased ver.] (tally, 2001)
• Narrative

  Talley (2001) [narrated] (p38)
• In-Text Citation for 2 Authors

  Quotation – use ampersand. Ex. "statement" (tally & smith, 2011, p38)

  Narrative – use "and". Ex. Tally and Smith (2011) [statement]
• In-Text Citation for More Authors

  (Smith et al., 2011, p38)
• In-Text Citation for Unknown Author

  ("HipHop Art, 2011, p.38)

  hihop art" is a shortened title
• USE CITATION TO AVOID PLAGIARISM AND ACKNOWLEDGE THE AUTHOR
• Background of the Study

  What is known abt the topic. Trends, issues.

  Description, purpose, introduction to the problem

  GENERAL TO SPECIFIC

  1. Focus of the study

  2. Issues or trends

  3. Introduction of problem

  4. Elaboratiom

  5. Subject of the study

  6. Purpose of study

  THERE MUST BE NO RESULTS SHOWN
• Statement of the Problem

  Formulation of question that should be answered in chapter 4

  Independent Variable – Affecting

  Dependent Variable – being affected

  State the General Problem

  1. Independent variable questions

  2. Dependent variable questions

  3. Relationship of independent and dependent

  4. Question that is based on the title
• Significance of the Study


  Who will benefit?

  Ex. Researchers – they will gain knowledge abt this topic.
• Scope and Delimitation


  Coverage. Where to conduct? Who is the target? When?
• Paraphrasing


  Rewriting. Own words but same topic.

  For readers to understand more

  Techniques:

  a. Start at a different point

  b. Use synonyms

  c. Change sentence structures

  d. Break the information (divide in 2 or more sentences)

  Tips:

  a. Read the text. Understand main ideas

  b. Remember important points

  c. Write own version using the 4 techniques

  d. Compare passages

  e. Cite sources

  NO QOUTATION MARKS

  PUT CITATION
• Quotations


  copy and paste statement. With qoutation marks.

  When to quote?

  a. If the passage is well known

  b. Strong and engaging

  c. If it is a form of definition
• Which of the following is NOT a major step in research?
• Major steps in research

  • Posing a question
  • Collecting data
  • Analyzing data
  • Ignoring the presentation of results
• The logical sequence of research


  1. Identifying topic

  2. Formulating a hypothesis after data analysis

  3. Locating references after data collection

  4. Collecting data before posing a question
• Criteria for formulating a topic


  • Specificity
  • Measurability
  • Attainability
  • Repeatability
• Information necessary for a reference (APA 7th Edition)


  • Author
  • Date
  • Title
  • Source
• In-text citations


  Used to avoid plagiarism and acknowledge the author
• How in-text citations should be arranged when there are more than two authors


  Using "et al." after the first author's name
• Parts of research


  • Statement of the Problem
  • Significance of the Study
  • Background of the Study
  • Scope and Delimitation
• Primary focus of the Statement of the Problem


  Formulating questions to be answered
• Paraphrasing in research


  Rewriting in one's own words with proper citation
• Quotations should be used in research to avoid confusion, paraphrasing is always preferred
• Techniques for paraphrasing

  • Starting at a different point
  • Using synonyms
  • Changing sentence structures
• The logical sequence of research involves 7 steps