industrial period

• industrial period - 1700-1900
• poaching - gangs worked together to hunt lots of animals and then sold them
• waltham black act 1723 - capital crime to be in a hunting area with hunting equipment (repealed in 1823)
• smuggling - gangs worked as larger smuggling operations, bringing in goods from abroad
• smuggling decreased after taxes were reduced and watchtowers were introduced
• highway robbery

  • attacked and threatened travelllers for their items
• highway robbery decreased in 1830s - patrols, turnpike gates and banknotes could be traced
• toldpuddle martyrs - formed their own trade union and swore a secret oath 


  sentenced to 7 years transportation to australia for swearing a secret oath
• public protests led to the pardoning of the tolpuddle martyrs after 2 years
• juries were reluctant to give the death penalty as it seemed to harsh
• some people saw transportation as too lenient - it gave criminals a better life
• last public execution in 1868
• prisons had terrible conditions


  dark, dirty, damp, lots of illness, prisoners had to pay for food, different types of criminals locked up together
• reformers tried to improve prison conditions
• john howard - his findings prompted parliament to pass two acts
• elizabeth fry - campaigned successfully for seperation of male and female inmates and paid jobs for prisoners
• pentonville prison opened in 1842


  seperate system - when inmates left their cell they wore masks to stop them seeing each other
• silent system - inmates banned from speaking to each other
• bow street runners - first police force, set up by fielding brothers


  team of volunteers but so successful that the government started paying them
• population grew due to urbanisation - poverty and overcrowding increased crime
• 1829 - robert peel set up the metropolitan police force
• 1842 - met police set up the detective department 


  became CID in 1878
• gaols act 1823 - male and female prisoners to be kept separate, jailers to be paid, female jailers for female prisons, iron restraints banned, visits by

  chaplains toreform
• police had blue uniforms and not red to show that they wouldnt be like an army
• robert peel became home secretary in 1822