UCSP

• Tabula rasa


  Blank slate, the human mind at birth according to John Locke
• Socialization - Lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society
• Socialization processes


  • Child-rearing
  • School orientation
  • Initiations
  • Attendance in Sunday school
  • Recruitment processes for political parties
• Political socialization


  Process which enables the development of citizens to function effectively within a particular political system
• Internalization


  Process of accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and values transmitted by people and social groups within society as one's own
• Results of socialization


  Outcomes evident when individuals begin to practice the behaviors, attitudes, and values that society considers necessary for them to function effectively as its members
• Self-identity


  Establishment of a unique sense of identity and an awareness of how one relates to their society and the world
• Self-concept


  The sum of a being's knowledge and understanding of him/herself, including physical, psychological and social attributes
• Different types of identity


  • Cultural identity
  • Ethnic identity
  • National identity
  • Religious identity
• Status


  Position in a social system, can be ascribed or achieved
• Role


  The behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
• Enculturation


  Process of becoming familiar with one's own culture, learning cultural symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and interacting with family, friends, teachers, and the rest of society
• Agents of socialization and enculturation


  • Family
  • Schools
  • Peer groups
  • Mass media
  • Religion and state
• Conformity


  Process of altering one's thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted behavior within his or her group or society
• Types of conformity


  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Internalization or acceptance
• Deviance


  Behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members and involves actions that violate commonly held social norms
• Social control


  Systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior
• Types of sanctions


  • Formal sanctions
  • Informal sanctions
• Examples of informal sanctions


  • Ostracism
  • Social stigma
  • Gossip
• Primary group


  Small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
• Primary groups


  • Family
  • Friends
  • Love relationships
• Secondary group


  Large clusters of people who have a mutually shared purpose, often aiming to complete tasks
• Secondary groups


  • School/Class
  • Workplace or place of employment
• In-group


  Group with which an individual identifies strongly
• Out-group


  Group with which an individual does not identify
• Factors creating in-group and out-group


  • Race
  • Culture
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Religion
• Reference group


  Groups used to guide behavior, attitudes, and identify social norms
• Types of reference groups


  • Informal reference groups
  • Formal reference groups
  • Membership reference groups
• Socialization - Prepares new members of society and trains them to think, feel, and act in appropriate ways
• socialization - Central process of social life, process of member recruitment and replacement