Kenotes

• Cranial Nerves and Structures


  • cribriform plate
  • optic canal
  • superior orbital fissure
  • foramen rotundum
  • foramen ovale
  • stylomastoid foramen
  • internal acoustic meatus
  • jugular foramen
  • hypoglossal canal
• Cranial Nerve III (3)


  Motor: Muscles of the eyes

  Parasympathetic: lacrimal gland, sphincter pupillae, ciliary lens muscles
• Cranial Nerve IV (4)


  Superior Oblique Muscles
• Cranial Nerve V1 (5.1)


  Cornea, eyes, nose, forehead, and paranasal sinuses
• Cranial Nerve VI (6)


  Lateral rectus muscle of the eye
• Cranial Nerve V2 (5.2)


  Cheeks, lower eyelid, upper lip, nasopharynx, tonsils, palate, and maxillary teeth
• Cranial Nerve V3 (5.3)


  Sensory: lower cheeks, auditory meatus, TMJ, chin, lower lip, tongue, floor of the mouth, mandibular teeth

  Motor: muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric muscle, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, and mylohyoid muscles
• Cranial Nerve VII (7)


  Sensory: taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

  Motor: muscles of facial expression

  Parasympathetic: sublingual, submandibular, and lacrimal glands
• Cranial Nerve VIII (8)

  Hearing and balance
• Cranial Nerve IX (9)

  Sensory: posterior 1/3 of the tongue, pharynx, tonsils, middle ear, carotid sinus

  Motor: stylopharyngeus

  Parasympathetic: to parotid gland
• Cranial Nerve X (10)

  Motor: laryngeal muscles, pharyngeal muscles except the stylopharyngeus, and all palatal muscles except tensor veli palatini

  Sensory: heart, abdominal organs, lungs, base of the tongue

  Parasympathetic: heart, abdominal organs, lungs
• Cranial Nerve XI (11)


  To the SCM, and trapezius muscle
• Cranial Nerve XII (12)


  To the intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of the tongue
• Cranial Nerve Types


  • Sensory Nerves: I, II, VIII

  Motor Nerves: III, IV, VI, XI, XII

  Mixed Nerves: V, VII, IX, X

  Parasympathetic Nerves: III, VII, IX, X
• Skin Layers


  • Stratum basale

  Stratum spinosum

  Stratum granulosum

  Stratum lucidum

  Stratum corneum
• Skin Cells


  • melanocytes; chromatophores

  langerhan cells

  merkel cells
• Skin Pathologies


  • Vitiligo

  Albinism

  Melanism
• Skin Layers


  • Papillary Layer

  Reticular Layer
• The junction of the papillary and reticular layers is called the dermal-epidermal junction
• Skin Glands


  • sebaceous

  eccrine

  apocrine
• Skin Sensory Nerve Endings


  • free nerve endings

  pacinian corpuscles

  meissner's corpuscles

  ruffini's

  end bulb of Krause
• The hypodermis attaches the skin to the organs beneath
• Ear Structures


  • tympanic membrane

  malleus

  incus

  stapes

  Reissner's membrane

  cochlea

  basilar membrane

  organ of Corti

  tectorial membrane

  utricle and saccule

  semicircular canals
• Rinne's test


  Used to test hearing
• Ear Pathologies


  • otitis externa

  otitis media

  otitis interna (labyrinthitis)
• Eye Structures


  • Cornea

  Iris

  Pupil

  Retina

  Fovea centralis

  Optic disc

  Aqueous humor

  Vitreous humor
• Accommodation


  Reflex of the eye in response to focusing on near and far objects
• Refraction is the mechanism allowing us to focus an accurate image
• The blind spot is the optic disc where the optic nerve exits the eye and has no photoreceptors
• Increased pressure in the aqueous humor causes glaucoma ("tunnel-vision")
• Eye Muscles

  • Superior Oblique

  Lateral Rectus

  Rectus
• Orbital Cavity Bones


  • Frontal

  Zygomatic and Temporal

  Maxilla

  Ethmoid and Lacrimal

  Sphenoid
• Eye Pathologies


  • Myopia

  Hyperopia

  Presbyopia

  Astigmatism

  Strabismus

  Amblyopia

  Diplopia
• The most common eye condition in children is strabismus (crossed-eye)
• The most common eye condition in adults is presbyopia (the "after 40 vision")
• Nose Structures


  • Nasal septum

  Superior concha

  Middle concha

  Inferior concha

  Hiatus semilunaris

  Ethmoid bulla

  Nasolacrimal duct
• External nasal nerve (V1)

  Supplies the dorsum of the nose, ala, and tip of the nose
• Infraorbital nerve (V2)


  Supplies the lateral aspect of the nose
• Tongue Structures


  • Sulcus terminalis

  Foramen cecum

  Filiform papillae

  Foliate papillae

  Fungiform papillae

  Circumvallate papillae
• Tongue Muscles


  • Genioglossus

  Styloglossus

  Hyoglossus

  Longitudinal

  Transverse

  Vertical