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• Breeds of Cattle


  • 33 beef breeds
  • 51 dairy breeds
  • 18 draft breeds
  • 39 meat-draft types
  • 54 meat-dairy types
  • 21 dairy draft types
  • 61 meat-dairy-draft types
• There are 277 identifiable breeds worldwide
• Hereford


  • White face
  • White flanks
  • White tail
  • White crest on its neck
  • Body color (cherry red to mahogany red)
  • Medium size
• Angus


  • The coat is black and red
  • Polled head
  • High dressing percentage
• Shorthorn


  • Popular due to its excellent milk production but yields sizeable meat
  • Color: Red to Roan white – and red spotted
• Galloway


  • Easy calvers
  • Polled
  • Color: Black or red
  • Has a thick coat suitable for the harsh climate of Scotland
• Charolais


  • French breed
  • White in color with a pink muzzle
  • Long bodied
  • Medium to large framed breed cattle
• Limousin


  • French breed
  • Originated in Central France
  • Rich gold in color with lighter circle around the eyes and muzzle
  • The neck is short
• Simmental


  • Swiss breed
  • Yellowish brown, with white markings on the head, belly and legs
  • Red pigmentation around the eyes and white patches on the body
  • Well muscled animal, being long and deep bodied
• Africander

  • Native South African breed
  • The color is typically red which can vary from light tan to deep cherry red
  • Loose skin and large drooping ears
• Christopher Columbus brought cattle mainly for milk, butter, hides, and work
• Henry Clay of Kentucky imported the 1st purebred Herefords in 1817
• Domestication of wild cattle or ox (Bos primigenius) started in the Middle East about 8,000 – 10,000 years ago
• Taurine cattle (Bos taurus)


  Ancestors were domesticated from Bos primigenius more than 10, 000 years ago
• Indicine cattle (Bos indicus) or zebu cattle


  Second domestication event took place in Indus Valley from Bos primigenius nomadicus
• Bos primigenius primigenius


  • Humpless
  • Temperate origin
  • Large big horn
  • Powerful forequarters (wild cattle or aurochs)
  • Gave rise to modern European cattle Bos taurus
• Bos primigenius nomadicus


  • Humped
  • Tropical origin
  • Forebears today's zebu cattle Bos indicus
• Yak (Poephagus grunniens)


  • Found in the mountains of Tibet, some regions of middle Asia, and south Siberia
• Genus bibos (Bali cattle, Bos banteng, and gayal, Bos frontalis)


  • Found in some parts of India, Malay Archipelago and Indochina particularly Burma
• Bos taurus


  • Of Europe origin such as Shorthorn or Jersey
• Bos indicus


  • Of tropical origin such as Brahman or Africander
• Crosses


  • Examples are Sta. Gertrudis (5/8 Shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman) and Brangus (5/8 Angus, 3/8 Brahman)
• In the Philippines, the most impact was carried through the Brahman through the pioneering efforts of Mr. Antonio Nocom of ANSA FARMS of Tiboli and Tantangan in South Cotabato and Lipa, Batangas
• Saranggani Cattle owned by the Alcantara Company of General Santos City and South Davao Company (SODACO) of Davao City owned by the Consunji's
• Beef Breeding


  The controlled propagation of cattle to improve its qualities which are desirable to man
• Modern Goals of Beef Breeding


  • To develop types that will meet market demand (e.g. Wagyu, Brahman, etc.)
  • Be productive under adverse climatic conditions (e.g. Doughmaster, Belmont Red)
  • Efficient in converting feeds to animal products (e.g. Simbrah)
• Qualitative Traits


  Traits that fall into clearly distinguishable categories, controlled by a single gene and be easily fixed in a population (e.g. Coat color, presence of horn)
• Quantitative Traits


  Most of the economically important traits in livestock and poultry breeds, generally controlled by many genes and highly affected by the environment (e.g. growth rate, liveweight body measurements)
• Random Mating (Unplanned)


  Each possible mating in a population has the same probability or occurrence
• Inbreeding


  Mating of closely related individuals within a breed which increases homozygosity and decreases the heterozygosity of the offspring
• Close Breeding


  Mating of close relatives (e.g. father – daughter or son-mother or brother-sister)
• Line Breeding


  Breeding of not so close relatives (e.g. cousins), a form of mild inbreeding designed to concentrate the genes of a certain ancestor
• Strain Breeding


  A very mild form of inbreeding which leads to increase homozygosity within the strain in the long term
• Negative Effects of Inbreeding


  • Marked decrease in fertility
  • Reduces vigor
  • Decrease in growth rate of offspring
  • Reduces viability of the offspring
• The practical use of inbreeding is increased prepotency, or the ability of an individual to produce progeny whose performance is like its own
• Outbreeding


  Mating of animals less closely related than the average of population from which they came from
• Crossbreeding


  The mating of individuals from two or more established purebred which takes advantage of heterosis
• Hybrid Vigor


  Average quality of the first generation exceeding the average of the two parental breeds
• Systematic Breeding


  Two or more breeds are involved in a breeding program lasting for several years
• Upgrading


  The mating of purebred sires to non-descript or native females and their offspring generation after generation