SOCSCI 2

• Political organization


  Any entity that is participating in a political process
• Types of sociopolitical organizations (Elman Service)


  • Bands
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdoms
  • States
• Bands

  The least complex form of political organization typically involves 20-50 individuals related by kinship, based on foraging, with decision-making by the entire group facilitated by the eldest, and characterized by an egalitarian social composition, where reciprocity serves as the primary form of exchange.
• Tribes

  Segmentary lineages consist of clusters marked by family loyalty, less mobile than bands, requiring settlement, mostly engaged in horticulture or pastoralism, with leaders chosen for economic aptitude, facilitating redistribution of commodities through tribute among social segments.
• Chiefdoms

  Complex societies, comprising several local communities led by a central authority, are intricately linked with horticulture and pastoralism, characterized by redistribution through tribute collection and social stratification into elite and commoners.
• States


  • Different from nations, united by common set of laws
  • Primary economic subsistence is market exchange
  • Social rules implemented as laws
  • Individuals have natural and legal rights
• Elements of a state


  • Territory
  • Sovereignty
  • Government
  • People
• Territory


  The geographic space in which the sovereignty of a state is exercised
• Sovereignty

  This is the capacity of a political system to make independent decisions within its territory.
• Government


  The set of personnel who manage the affairs of the state in allocating scarce values
• Branches of Philippine government


  • Legislative
  • Executive
  • Judicial
• Legislative branch


  • Performs law-making functions

  Congress of the Philippines with Senate and House of Representatives
• Executive branch


  • Performs law-application functions

  President as Head of State, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief
• Judicial branch


  • Performs adjudication functions

  Supreme Court and lower courts headed by Chief Justice
• People


  The entire body of persons who constitute a community, tribe, nation, or other group by virtue of a common culture, history, religion, or the like
• Authority and legitimacy


  The extent of a leader's power relies on how much their followers accord them with it
• Types of legitimacy of authority (Max Weber)


  • Legal
  • Traditional
  • Charismatic
• Legal authority


  Achieved by a leader through following established codes and procedures governing allocation and distribution of power and resources
• Traditional authority


  Leadership legitimacy based on inheritance of the title
• Charismatic authority


  Leadership based on personal attachment of subordinates to the ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or skills are believed to be extraordinary or supernatural
• External sovereignty

  refers to the recognition of that system’s existence and authority by other actors and systems.
• Internal sovereignty

  refers to the capacity of a political system to implement its rules and policies within its territory.
• Senate

  shall be composed of 24 senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified votes of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
• House of Representatives

  shall be composed of not more than 250, 20 percent of whom must be Party-list representatives.