social influence

• social influence (Hogg & Vaughan, 2014)


  how attitudes and behaviours are influenced by the real or implied presence of other people
• social norms


  unwritten rules or standards understood by members of a group that influence social behaviour
• norm development (Sherif, 1936)


  autokinetic effect, pps made judgements alone or in groups. pps used judgements of others as frame of reference and eventually converge away from individual to common standard
• in order for norm development to take place, what must the task be?


  ambiguous
• rational process (Asch)


  people construct norms from others' behaviour to determine appropriate behaviour
• conformity (Asch, 1951)


  conformity = 33% due to self doubt, self consciousness and fear of social disapproval.

  anonymous condition, conformity = 12.5%
• informational social influence (Deutsch & Gerard, 1995)

  desire to be correct

  in ambiguous situations

  true cognitive change
• normative social influence (Deutsch & Gerard, 1995)

  desire for social approval

  in unambiguous situations

  surface compliance
• which study was an example of normative social influence?

  Asch
• which study was an example of informational social influence?

  Sherif
• minority influence (Moscovici)


  group with lesser numbers or power change the attitudes of the majority
• how does the majority effect social influence?

  public compliance via social comparison
• how does the minority effect social influence?

  produce indirect, internal and private change of opinions
• what is a limit of majority influence?

  there is no guarantee that the minority's private beliefs have been changed
• what are the three requirements for successful minority influence?

  flexibility, consistency and commitment
• obedience 


  following the demands of someone higher in the social hierarchy
• obedience experiment (Milgram, 1963)


  fake electric shocks given to confederate

  assumption that people are socialised to respect the authority of the state
• agentic state


  mentally absolved of responsibility and transfer it to the authority figure
• factors affecting obedience


  gradual change and commitment

  proximity of the victim

  proximity of authority figure

  legitimacy of authority