Memory AQA A level

• The ability to recall events from our lives

  What is the Episodic Memory?
• A visual representation of memory. It is a structural model in which STM and LTM are unitary stores.

  Information flows in a linear fashion through each store.

  Each store has a different capacity, information is held for a different duration, and information coding differs.

  What is The Multistore Model
• Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)


  Who was the The Multistore Model created by?
• Unlimited


  What is the Capacity of the Sensory Registry?
• 7 ± 2


  What is the Capacity of the Short Term Memory store?
• Unlimited


  What is the Capacity of the Long Term Memory store?
• Half a second


  What is the Duration of the Sensory Registry?
• 15 - 30 seconds


  What is the Duration of the Short Term Memory store?
• A Lifetime


  What is the Duration of the Long Term Memory store?
• No coding, Raw information

  What is the Coding of the Sensory Registry?
• Mainly Acoustic


  What is the Coding of the Short Term Memory store?
• Mainly Semantic


  What is the Coding of the Long Term Memory store?
• P: There are multiple different studies to show the existence of the separate stores and how different they are

  E: Baddey's "Delayed Confusion" and "Immediate Confusion" studies showed that the Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory are coded differently

  E: And the "Yearbook" study by Bahrick showed the duration of Long Term Memory and how info is retrieved into Short Term Memory

  L: This is a strength of the model as it clearly shows there are different stores and how they are different.

  The abundance if empirical evidence adds validity to the theory

  How does research support the existence of separate memory stores?
• P: The Primacy/Recency Effect can be used to add validity to the Multi-Store Model

  E: When remembering lists of words we often remember words at the beginning and end better than the middle

  E: This is because words at the beginning have been rehearsed and are transferred into the LTM, and words at the end are still in the STM. However the words in the middle have been displaced

  L: This clearly shows how information flows through the Multi-Store Model but also supports the idea that the Short Term Memory and the Long Term Memory are different in terms of their Capacity, Duration and Coding


  What is the Primacy/Recency Effect and how does it add validity to the Multi-Store Model?
• P: The Morris et al (1977) study challenges the importance placed on rehearsal by the Multi-Store Model

  E: Their study showed if something is of interest then it is more likely to be recalled regardless of whether it is rehearsed

  E: This is because interesting information is automatically encoded semantically so there is no need for rehearsal

  L: This means that information can travel from the STM to the LTM without being rehearsed, contradicting the model


  What study challenged the importance placed on rehearsal in the Multi-Store Model?
• Shallice and Warrington (1970)


  Who conducted the case study of 'KF'?
• P: The case study of 'KF' suggest that the accounts of Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory in the Multi-Store Model are too basic and that these stores are much more complex

  E: In Shallice and Warrington's (1970) case study of 'KF' they found that after a motorcycle accident, KF could recall visual information as well as he always could, but he struggled to recall verbal information

  E: This indicates that there is potentially more than one store in the STM rather than one store that does everything

  L: This suggests that the Multi-Store Model's idea of a unitary STM is flawed and incomplete, therefore lacking validity


  How does the case study of 'KF' suggest that the accounts of Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory in the Multi-Store Model are too basic?
• Our knowledge of the world

  What is the Semantic Memory?
• The Multistore Model


  What is this model called?

  
• 1) Episodic

  2) Semantic

  3) Procedural


  What are the 3 types of Long Term Memory?
• Our memory for actions or skills

  What is the Procedural Memory?
• True


  TRUE or FALSE: The Episodic Memory needs to be consciously recalled
• True


  TRUE or FALSE: The Semantic Memory needs to be consciously recalled
• False


  TRUE or FALSE: The Procedural Memory needs to be consciously recalled
• True


  TRUE or FALSE: The Episodic Memory is time/location stamped
• False


  TRUE or FALSE: The Semantic Memory is time/location stamped
• False


  TRUE or FALSE: The Procedural Memory is time/location stamped
• It can be explained to others


  What does Declarative mean?
• True


  TRUE or FALSE: The Episodic Memory is declarative
• True


  TRUE or FALSE: The Semantic Memory is declarative
• False


  TRUE or FALSE: The Procedural Memory is declarative
• The Hippocampus


  Where is the Episodic memory located?
• The Temporal Lobe


  Where is the Semantic memory located?
• The Cerebellum


  Where is the Procedural memory located?
• P: The case of 'Clive Wearing' supports the notion of separate Long Term Memory stores

  E: Clive experienced a severe form of amnesia after suffering brain damage from a virus. He could still remember how to play the piano, but couldn't remember his children's names.

  E: It is likely that his Episodic and Semantic memory stores were damaged but his Procedural memory remained intact

  L: This shows support for the existence of a number of different types of Long Term Memory

  How does the case of 'Clive Wearing' support the notion of separate Long Term Memory stores?
• Tulving et al (1994)


  Which researcher conducted PET scans to study the different LTM stores?
• P: Brain scan studies show support for the existence of separate Long Term Memory stores

  E: Tulving et al (1994) used PET scans to study what parts of the brain were active while participants carried out different tasks

  E: He found that episodic and semantic memories were both recalled from the Prefrontal Cortex which interacted with the Hippocampus and Temporal Lobe respectively to encode memories. Procedural memories are carried out in the Cerebellum.

  L: This shows we do not fully understand the different LTM stores and more research is necessary to determine how many stores there are

  How do brain scan studies show support for the existence of separate Long Term Memory stores?
• P: Cohen & Squire (1980) suggested that there were just 2 LTM stores

  E: He termed these Non-Declarative (which included Procedural memory) and Declarative (which included Episodic and Semantic memory)

  E: Further support from this comes from Clive Wearing and Tulving. Clive's Non-Declarative memory was unaffected but his Declarative was.

  Tulving showed that Non-Declarative memory was specifically located in the Cerebellum and Declarative memory is located quite far away in the Prefrontal Cortex

  L: This shows we do not fully understand the different LTM stores and more research is necessary to determine how many stores there are

  What is an alternative theory to there being 3 types of LTM?
• P: Another reason to believe we don't have a comprehensive understanding of the different LTM stores comes from the suggestion that there may be a 4th type

  E: This 4th type of LTM is called the Perceptual Representation System (PRS) and is responsible for priming

  E: Priming is where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.

  For example, someone who is exposed to the word "yellow" will be more likely to suggest "banana" when asked to name a fruit

  L: This idea is not accounted for in the other 3 stores and so suggests more research should be conducted in order to establish just how many stores there are


  What is the supposed 4th part of LTM and how is it significant?
• The Working Memory Model


  What is this model called?