nucleotides

• What is a nucleotide made from?


  pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
• Which elements does a nucleotide contain

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Summary: what does DNA do

  Stores genetic information
• Summary: what does RNA do

  Makes the proteins from the instructions in the DNA
• What do nucleotides acids make up?

  DNA, RNA and other nucleic acids
• Phosphate group in DNA

  Negatively charged and acidic

  Made from phosphorus and oxygen
• What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

  deoxyribose
• What is the base in DNA?

  Thiamine, Adeneine, Cyanine, Guanine
• How to nucleotides link together

  By condensation reaction to form polynucleotides (a polymer)
• Polynucleotides are joined together by

  Phosphodiester bonds
• What do phosphodiester bonds form between?

  The C3 of the sugar and the phosphate group
• Why are 3' and 5' ends important

  They can help tell you which way the DNA is facing
• What structure does DNA go into

  Double helix structure
• What are the two sugar phosphate backbones to each other

  Anti-parallel
• Definition of anti-parallel

  Run in opposite directions
• Synthesis of polypeptides

  Can be broken back down into nucleotides by breaking the phosphodiester bonds- by a hydrolysis reaction
• What do each DNA nucleotide have in common

  Same sugar and phosphate group
• How do each DNA nucleotide differ

  different bases (thyamine, adenine and cytosine, guanine)
• What's a purine

  Larger bases which contain double carbon nitrogen ring structures
• Purine examples

  Adenine and Guanine
• How to remember purines

  Small word = big structures
• What are pyradines

  Smaller bases which contain single carbon nitrogen ring structures
• How to remember pyrimidines

  Y = pyradines
• Pyradine examples

  Thyamine and cytosine
• What is the double helix?

  2 long strands of polynucleotides which are coiled into the double helix structure
• What are the two strands in the double helix joined together by? (Type of bond between what?)

  Hydrogen bonds between the bases
• What does the phosphate sugar backbone have at each side ?

  5' end and 3' end
• What does thyamine pair with

  Adenine
• How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thyamine form?

  2
• What does guanine pair with?

  Cytosine
• How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine?

  3 hydrogen bonds
• Why do purines and pyradines pair with each other?

  To maintain a constant distance between the DNA backbones- results I'm parallel polynucleotide chains
• What does the sequence of bases decide?

  The genetic information of the organism
• What forms between the two sugar phosphate backbones

  Hydrogen bonds
• Why is the distance between the sugar phosphate backbones always constant?

  Because purines and pyridines always pair together
• What is the universal energy currency

  ATP
• What happens to ATP to release chemical energy

  Hydrolysed (hydrolysis reaction)
• How many phosphate groups in ATP

  3
• What's the base in ATP and ADP called?

  Adenine
• What's the phosphate sugar in ATP and ADP called?

  Ribose