nucleotides

Cards (69)

  • What is a nucleotide made from?

    pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
  • Which elements does a nucleotide contain
    Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Summary: what does DNA do
    Stores genetic information
  • Summary: what does RNA do
    Makes the proteins from the instructions in the DNA
  • What do nucleotides acids make up?
    DNA, RNA and other nucleic acids
  • Phosphate group in DNA
    Negatively charged and acidic
    Made from phosphorus and oxygen
  • What is the pentose sugar in DNA?
    deoxyribose
  • What is the base in DNA?
    Thiamine, Adeneine, Cyanine, Guanine
  • How to nucleotides link together
    By condensation reaction to form polynucleotides (a polymer)
  • Polynucleotides are joined together by
    Phosphodiester bonds
  • What do phosphodiester bonds form between?
    The C3 of the sugar and the phosphate group
  • Why are 3' and 5' ends important
    They can help tell you which way the DNA is facing
  • What structure does DNA go into
    Double helix structure
  • What are the two sugar phosphate backbones to each other
    Anti-parallel
  • Definition of anti-parallel
    Run in opposite directions
  • Synthesis of polypeptides
    Can be broken back down into nucleotides by breaking the phosphodiester bonds- by a hydrolysis reaction
  • What do each DNA nucleotide have in common
    Same sugar and phosphate group
  • How do each DNA nucleotide differ
    different bases (thyamine, adenine and cytosine, guanine)
  • What's a purine
    Larger bases which contain double carbon nitrogen ring structures
  • Purine examples
    Adenine and Guanine
  • How to remember purines
    Small word = big structures
  • What are pyradines
    Smaller bases which contain single carbon nitrogen ring structures
  • How to remember pyrimidines
    Y = pyradines
  • Pyradine examples
    Thyamine and cytosine
  • What is the double helix?
    2 long strands of polynucleotides which are coiled into the double helix structure
  • What are the two strands in the double helix joined together by? (Type of bond between what?)
    Hydrogen bonds between the bases
  • What does the phosphate sugar backbone have at each side ?
    5' end and 3' end
  • What does thyamine pair with
    Adenine
  • How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thyamine form?
    2
  • What does guanine pair with?
    Cytosine
  • How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine?
    3 hydrogen bonds
  • Why do purines and pyradines pair with each other?
    To maintain a constant distance between the DNA backbones- results I'm parallel polynucleotide chains
  • What does the sequence of bases decide?
    The genetic information of the organism
  • What forms between the two sugar phosphate backbones
    Hydrogen bonds
  • Why is the distance between the sugar phosphate backbones always constant?
    Because purines and pyridines always pair together
  • What is the universal energy currency
    ATP
  • What happens to ATP to release chemical energy
    Hydrolysed (hydrolysis reaction)
  • How many phosphate groups in ATP
    3
  • What's the base in ATP and ADP called?
    Adenine
  • What's the phosphate sugar in ATP and ADP called?
    Ribose