Abnormal Psychology

• What is Abnormal: 4Ds
• Biopsychosocial Model


  Model that explains what causes abnormality
• Diathesis-Stress Model


  Model that explains what causes abnormality
• Humors


  • Yellow Bile: Choleric (Anxious)
  • Black Bile: Melancholic (Depressed)
  • Blood: Sanguine (Unstable Mood Shifts)
  • Phlegm: Phlegmatic (Calm Dispositions)
• Reform Movement


  • Vicenzo Chiarugi: Ospitale de Bonifacio
  • Philippe Pinel: La Bicetre
  • Jean-Baptiste Pussin: Freed patients from their chains
  • William Tuke: The York Treatment, The Moral Treatment
  • Benjamin Rush: Founder of American Psychiatry
  • Dorothea Dix: Allowing patients to walk in the hospital grounds and to participate in various recreation
• Abnormal Motor Behavior


  • Hyperactivity: energized, fast talking, quick movement
  • Psychomotor Agitation: restless
  • Psychomotor Retardation: slow movement
  • Catatonia: appears to be comatose, extremely flexible
  • Compulsion: repetitive, seemingly purposeful behavior
• Content of Thought


  • Obsessions: unwanted thoughts, phrases, images, that repeatedly comes into mind
  • Delusions: deeply entrenched beliefs
  • Overvalued idea: odd usually bizarre
  • Magical thinking: unrelated
• Delusions


  • Grandeur
  • Control
  • Idea of Reference
  • Persecutory
  • Self-blame
  • Infeldility
  • Somatic
  • Thought Broadcasting
  • Thought Insertion
• Affect


  • Inappropriate
  • Intensity of Affect: strength
  • Mobility of Affect
  • Range of Affect
• Mood


  • Euthymic: not happy nor sad
  • Dysphoria: unpleasant feelings
  • Euphoric: elated. cheerful
• Hallucinations


  • Auditory: Command
  • Visual
  • Gustatory
  • Somatic
  • Olfactory
• Thought Disorder


  • Incoherence: words are mixed up (word salad)
  • Loosening of Association: flow of thought is vague
  • Illogical Thinking: erroneous conclusion
  • Neologism: new word
  • Blocking: period of silence
  • Circumstantiality: indirect or delayed point
  • Tangentiality: off the track
  • Clanging: sound
  • Confabulation
  • Echolalia: (ex: the time, the time, the time)
  • Flight of Ideas: abrupt changes of topic
  • Pressure of Speech: non stop dialogue
  • Perseveration: repetition of the same idea, word, or sound
• In 2010, Rosa's Law states that Mental Retardation is stigmatizing so in DSM 5 from Mental Retardation to Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
• Intellectual Disability


  Deficit in General Mental Ability, Impairment in everyday Adaptive Functioning, Onset is developmental period
• Intelligence


  Mean: 100, SD: 15, Margin of Error: 5 point
• Adaptive Functioning Domains


  • Conceptual (Academic) Domain: reading, writing, math
  • Social Domain: empathy. Friendship ability
  • Practical Domain: personal care, job, self management
• Global Developmental Delay


  Under the age of 5, Include children who cannot participate in standardized testing, Need reassessment (if the child is older, usually 7 or 8 needs reassessment to diagnose them for intellectual disability
• Unspecified Intellectual Disability


  Over the age of 5, For children who cannot be reliably assessed
• Causes of Intellectual Disability

  • Down Syndrome: chromosomal (Trisomy 21)
  • Fragile x syndrome: cause of heritable (large ears, elongated face)
  • Maternal Malnutrition/Substance Abuse: exposure to mutagens
• Expressive and mixed-receptive language disorder to Language Disorder, Phonological Disorder to Speech Sound Disorder, Stuttering to Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder, Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (NEW)
• Language Disorder


  Disturbance in the acquisition and use of spoken, written, or sign language, Language Ability is substantially below than the expected age, Onset is on early developmental period, Other mental disorder should be ruled out
• Causes of Language Disorder

  • Ear infection
  • Parent don't talk to them
• Speech Sound Disorder


  Difficulty producing speech sounds that are expected for one's age and language
• Unspecified Intellectual Disability


  For children who cannot be reliably assessed
• Etiology of intellectual disability

  • Down Syndrome: chromosomal (Trisomy 21)
  • Fragile x syndrome: cause of heritable (large ears, elongated face)
  • Maternal Malnutrition/Substance Abuse: exposure to mutagens
• History of communication disorders

  • Expressive and mixed-receptive language disorder to Language Disorder
  • Phonological Disorder to Speech Sound Disorder
  • Stuttering to Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder
  • Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (NEW)
• Language Disorder


  Disturbance in the acquisition and use of spoken, written, or sign language, manifested in reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, and impairment in discourse. Language ability is substantially below the expected age, with onset in the early developmental period, and other mental disorders should be ruled out.
• Speech Sound Disorder


  Difficulty in speech production, often coexisting with language disorder, intellectual disability, and neurological conditions. Phonological problem: making sounds in the wrong position.
• Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)


  Repetition of syllables or words, long pauses
• Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder


  Deficit in using communication for social purposes like greeting and sharing information, difficulty changing communication to match context, difficulty following rules in storytelling, difficulty understanding non-literal or ambiguous language. Includes verbosity, monotone prosody, excessive topic switching, and dominating conversations.
• Autism Spectrum Disorder


  Deficit in reciprocal social communication and nonverbal communicative behavior, including deficit in social emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behavior, and developing/maintaining relationships. Restricted, repetitive behavior including stereotypic/repetitive behavior, insistence on sameness, highly restricted interests, and hyper/hypo reactivity to sensory stimuli.
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  Inattention: difficulty sustaining focus. Hyperactivity: excessive motor activity (for children: fidgeting, talkativeness, tapping; for adults: restlessness). Impulsivity: hasty actions without much forethought.
• Specific Learning Disorder


  Difficulty in learning and using academic skills, including dyslexia (impairment in reading), dysgraphia (impairment in written expression), and dyscalculia (impairment in mathematics).
• Developmental Coordination Disorder


  Deficit in acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills, manifested by clumsiness or slowness.
• Stereotypic Movement Disorder


  Repetitive, purposeless behavior (e.g. body rocking, flapping)
• Tic Disorder


  Sudden, rapid motor movements (motor tics) or vocalization (vocal tics) such as eye blinking, face twitching, coprolalia, grunting, tongue clicking.
• Tourette's Disorder


  Presence of both motor and vocal tics for at least 1 year.
• Domains of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders


  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganized Thinking (Speech)
  • Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior (including Catatonia)
  • Negative Symptoms
• Delusions


  Deeply entrenched beliefs, including persecutory, grandiose, erotomanic, jealous, and somatic delusions.
• Hallucinations


  Perception-like experiences without external stimuli, including visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and somatic hallucinations.