GCSE Biology Paper 1

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Student_feelings

Cards (21)

Heart structure 
Right atrium and ventricle, left atrium and ventricle, thicker walls on left side
Carcinogen 
Anything that increases the risk of cancer, e.g. ionizing radiation
Benign cancer 
Doesn't spread through the body and is relatively easy to treat
Malignant cancer 
Cancerous cells spread through the body, much worse
Xylem 
Long continuous tubes that transport water upwards in plants
Phloem 
Conveyor belts of cells that transport sugars, food, and sap up and down the plant
Factors increasing transpiration rate
Higher temperature
Lower humidity
Increased air movement
Chlorosis 
Yellowing of leaves due to magnesium deficiency
Leaf structure 
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Vascular bundle
Lower epidermis with stomata
Stomata 
Holes in the lower epidermis that allow gas exchange
Fungi 
Cause infections like athlete's foot
Immune system defences 
Skin
Nose and trachea (mucus, acid, enzymes)
Digestive system (acid, enzymes)
White blood cells (lymphocytes, phagocytes)
Lymphocytes 
Produce antitoxins and antibodies to neutralize pathogens
Antibodies 
Stick to antigens on pathogens, preventing infection and allowing phagocytes to destroy them
Immunity 
Immune system stores antibodies and antigens to quickly respond to future infections
Antibiotics 
Kill bacteria, but not viruses
Drug development 
Lab trials on cells/tissue, animal trials, human trials (blind and double-blind)
Monoclonal antibodies 
Antibodies made from cloned cells, used for treatment, diagnosis, and detection
Photosynthesis 
Process in plant cells using chlorophyll to convert light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose
Respiration 
Process that releases energy from glucose, using oxygen (aerobic) or producing lactic acid (anaerobic)
Metabolism 
Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism, including respiration, conversion of glucose, and protein synthesis