SCI - Earthquake

• Earthquake


  The vibration or shaking of the Earth's crust caused by the sudden movement of plates that release a large amount of energy
• How earthquakes occur


  1. Rocks underground move and change position

  2. Energy stored in the rocks is released

  3. Energy is transmitted to the surface as seismic waves
• Earth's crust


  • Broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates
  • Plates move relative to each other and interact along their boundaries
• Types of earthquakes


  • Tectonic earthquake (due to sudden movement of rocks or collision of tectonic plates)
  • Volcanic earthquake (due to movement of magma within volcanoes)
  • Man-made earthquake (due to human activity like mining or explosives)
• Focus


  Point of origin of an earthquake beneath the surface of the Earth
• Epicenter


  Point directly above the focus on the surface of the Earth, where the earthquake is felt strongest
• Earthquakes generally occur along faults, which are cracks in the Earth's crust between two big plates</b>
• When two plates slip past against each other, it releases a large amount of energy that causes the ground to shake and usually creates a ground rupture
• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is the government agency that monitors earthquakes and volcanoes in the Philippines
• Magnitude


  Measure of the strength and energy released by an earthquake, recorded by a seismograph
• Intensity


  Measure of the extent of damage caused by an earthquake on the surface of the ground, identified through ocular inspection
• Shaking or vibration of the Earth's crust is known as an earthquake
• An earthquake due to sudden movement of rocks or collision of tectonic plates is known as a tectonic earthquake
• An earthquake due to movement of magma within volcanoes is called a volcanic earthquake
• An earthquake due to human activity is known as a man-made earthquake
• The point of origin of an earthquake underground is the focus
• The point directly above the focus on the surface of the Earth is the epicenter
• Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement or vibration of the Earth's crust that causes changes on its surface
• Tectonic earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of rocks or the movement of tectonic plates
• Earthquakes originate at the focus, which is a point below the surface of the Earth
• Earthquakes occur due to the sudden movement of the plates
• The exact point above the point of origin where an earthquake is felt the strongest is the epicenter
• Volcanic earthquakes occur due to the movement of magma
• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquake activities in the Philippines
• Man-made earthquakes occur due to human activities such as mining or using explosives
• Layers of the Earth make up the Lithosphere


  Crust and Upper Mantle
• Liquid part of the mantle and the outer core

  The liquid part of the mantle and the outer core is Asthenosphere
• Materials make up the liquid part of the mantle

  The answer is: Molten Rocks.
• Why are rocks in the lower mantle molten?

  Because of high temperature and pressure
• Causes the sudden breaking of rocks in faults or cracks in the crust

  The movement of molten rocks
• What does this underground crack in this figure represents?

  Fault line

  A) Fault

  
• The 3 layers of Earth, label them.

  Crust is the outermost layer where living things exist

  Upper Mantle is Stable and Solid

  Lower Mantle is Liquid because of Xtreme Heat

  Outer core is Liquid

  Inner core is Solid

  A) Inner Core

  B) Outer Core

  C) CORE

  D) CRUST

  E) MANTLE

  F) Upper Mantle

  G) Lower Mantle

  
• They make up ... ?


  Lithosphere
• They make up..?


  Asthenosphere

  
• Tectonic plates move relative to each other at a rate of 5 and 10 centimeters per year.
• Plate boundaries are sites of many process that shapes the surface of the Earth.
• What are the 3 types of Tectonic Boundaries?

  • Convergent Boundary
  • Divergent Boundary
  • Transform Boundary
• A Convergent Boundary occurs when two plates move towards each other
• The Divergent Boundary happens when two plates moves away from each other
• A Transform Boundary is when two plates are sliding past each other