Biology

• Cells


  The basic structures of all living organisms
• Organism


  A contiguous living system that can metabolize, grow, and adapt
• Types of organisms


  • Unicellular organism that consists of one cell
  • Multicellular organism made up of many cells
• Microscopic Organism


  • Cannot be seen by the human eye without the use of microscope
• Macroscopic Organism


  • Can be seen by the plain human eye
• Microscope


  Instrument used to magnify a tiny object
• Cellula


  Small compartment
• Micrographia


  Detailed handbook on microscopy
• Scientist who studied the bacteria, blood cell, and protoists


  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Matthias Jakob Schleiden


  A professor of botany in Germany who stated that all plants are composed of cells
• Theodor Schwann


  A professor of physiology at the University of Belgium who stated that animals are composed of cells
• Theory of Spontaneous Generation


  States that organisms came from non-living things
• Scientist who disproved the theory that maggots could be spontaneously generated from meat

  • Francesco Redi
• Scientist who believed that life can arise spontaneously

  • John Needham
• Scientist who disagreed with the theory of spontaneous generation

  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
• Scientist who disproved spontaneous generation through an experiment

  • Louis Pasteur
• Cytoplasm - The jelly-like substance inside the cell where most chemical reactions take place.
• Plasma membrane


  Provides the structure for the cell
• In plant cells, the plasma membrane is surrounded by a cell wall. Plant cells also contain plastids, which provide color and acts a storage. Chloroplasts are a form of plastids containing chlorophyll, providing the green color and is used by plants to make food.
• Cytoplasm


  Contains all organelles inside the nucleus
• Organelles in cytoplasm


  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosome
  • Mitochondrion
  • Ribosomes
  • Vacuole
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centriole
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  Where protein synthesis happens in a cell
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum


  Translation of new proteins
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


  Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
• Golgi apparatus


  Where the proteins are used and packaged
• Lysosome


  The suicide bag of the cell, it is where cell waste is digested
• Mitochondrion


  The powerhouse of the cell
• Ribosomes


  Protein manufacturer of the cell
• Vacuole


  Found in plant cells, where the plant stores nutrients and waste
• Cytoskeleton


  Gives structure to the cell
• Centriole


  Cylinder-like structure found in pairs that play a role in cell division
• Nucleus


  The control center of the cell
• The nucleus contains the chromosomes
• Protoplasm


  Colorless material that includes cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell
• How the plasma membrane transports water

  1. Diffusion - molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

  2. Osmosis - water moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane
• Cell cycle


  1. Interphase - cell grows and DNA is replicated

  2. Mitosis - cell divides into two daughter cells
• Centromere


  • Where chromatids are connected
• Centrosome


  • Produces spindle fibers
• Mitosis


  1. Prophase - nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes appear

  2. Metaphase - chromosomes align vertically

  3. Anaphase - sister chromatids separate

  4. Telophase - nuclear membrane reforms, cell divides
• Meiosis


  A type of cell division that produces four cells with half the original genetic information