biology

• eukaryotic cells genetic material dna inside a nucleus are in plant and animal cells
• Bacteria are prokaryotic cells
• Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, but they do contain ribosomes.
• a nucleus would not be found in a prokaryotic cell
• in a prokaryotic cell the dna is found in a small strand in the cytoplasm there may be also small rings of dna called plasmids
• Differentiation is the process where a cell changes, develops different subcellular structures and becomes specialised to function in a particular role
• plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis
• They absorb mineral ions by active transport, against the concentration gradient. Root hair cells are adapted for taking up water and mineral ions by having a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption.The xylem vessel transports water from the roots up the length of the stem.The palisade cell is found in the leaf and contains lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis.The guard cells control the size of the stomata, controlling diffusion of gases.
• diffusion is the movement of particles of a high to a low concentration
• active transport is the movement of particles from a low to high concentration across a membrane against a concentration gradient
• The concentration gradient refers to the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. n. This movement occurs until equilibrium is reached, meaning the concentrations are equal in both areas.
• osmosis is the movement of water particles through a partially permeable membrane
• cytoplasm is where the
• mitochondria is where respiration takes place
• ribosomes are where protein synthesis takes place
• the nucleus is where DNA is stored
• vacuole stores food and waste products
• nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
• nucleus contains DNA which controls all cellular activities
• cell wall provides support and protection
• chloroplasts are where photosynthesis takes place
• cell wall provides support, protects cell and stops it bursting when turgid
• chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water
• cell membrane controls what enters or leaves cell
• cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell
• plasma membrane regulates movement into/out of cells
• mitochondria produce energy through respiration
• ribosomes make proteins from amino acids
• carbon dioxide+ water--->glucose +water

  photosynthesis
• 6co2 + 6h2o --> c6h12o6 + 6o2
• the 4 aspects that affect a plants growth is light intensity temperature carbon dioxide concentration
• light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis, more light = faster rate
• temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis, higher temp=faster rate
• carbon dioxide concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis, more co2=faster rate
• respiration a process in which plants make food /create energy by using carbon dioxide water and light
• cellulose a complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall in plants algae providing additional strength
• glycogen a carbohydrate store in animals
• limiting factors light temperature carbon dioxide concentration chlorophyll
• plants convert glucose into starch and cellulose
• plants and algae use glucose for respiration starch cellulose proteins and amino acids and lipids