Exam 2

• Which of the following are key points in the neutral theory of molecular evolution? (Multiple Choice)

  A)Most of the genome is not targeted by selection

  B) Genetic drift causes allele frequencies to change

  C) Natural selection is a cherished concept

  D) The neutral theory and natural selection are conflicting theories that cannot both be correct

  A and B
• When a new population is formed by a small number of people, it is known as

  Founder effect
• Genetic drift is

  the change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to random sampling effect

  responsible for a large portion of molecular evolution
• What is the HWE equation?

  p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1
• Which of the following could be used to measure fitness? (Multiple Choice)

  1. the lifetime reproductive output of individuals
  2. track the probability of the progeny successfully reproducing
  3. probability of living to reproductive age
  4. number of eggs produced
  5. Size of gonad
  6. Number of flower petals

  1 2 3 4 5
• True or False: Selection does not act directly on genotypes

  True
• True or false, in Lenski's experiment with the evolution of bacteria, the same mutations led to increases in fitness in the 12 different lineages of E. coli.

  False
• Why did the Ester1 allele increase in the French population of mosquitos near coasts but not inland when pesticides were sprayed in beach areas to help tourism?

  The ester1 allele had pleotrophic effects and made mosquites more likely to be consumed

  The ester1 allele conferred resistance to the pesticide
• Which of the following affect the number of new mutations in a population in any given generation? (Multiple Choice)

  1. Mutation Rate
  2. Population Size
  3. Inbreeding
  4. Genetic Diversity
  5. Population subdivision

  1 and 2
• Which statements are true? (Multiple Choice)

  1. Inbred individuals always have decreased fitness
  2. Genetic bottlenecks often result in increase inbreeding
  3. The decline in fitness due to inbreeding is called inbreeding depression
  4. Outcrossing species don't experience inbreeding depression

  2 and 3
• If the mean heterozygosity in population subsamples is less than the total heterozygosity across all of the samples, then

  0 < FST < 1, there is some degree of population subdivsion and mating is non-random
• How is inbreeding related to identity by descent (IBD)?

  1. The level of inbreeding is the probability that two alleles are IBD
• Selection favors the maintenance of both alleles at a locus

  balancing selection
• T or F: All phenotypic differences are caused by evolution

  False
• T or F: Selection acts directly upon genotypes

  False
• How long does it take for evolution to occur?

  1 generation
• How many phenotypic states are possible in a trait that is controlled by 10 loci with h=0.5 and no phenotypic plasticity?

  21
• …. are the most slowly evolving types of DNA in the list below

  Coding regions
• Bootstrapping is used to

  Statistical support of tree branches
• What type of mutation is not commonly associated with changes in the phenotype of an organism?

  Synonymous (point mutations)
• If you were performing a study looking at genetic differences between two eukaryotic species which diverged in the distant past what type of DNA would you choose to use?

  Non-synonymous sites
• Non-synonymous mutations can lead to what type of change in the population?

  Purifying Selection

  Positive Selection
• T or F: Across all species the number of genes is directly correlated to genome size

  False
• The phenomenon of a molecular clock is the result of:

  Neutral drift
• This image depicts Natural Selection

  
• In which population is genetic drift the strongest? 10 individuals

  
• A new island is colonized by three different species, they each have different pop sizes on the island, and there is no subsequent gene flow.  All else being equal, which one diverges from the main population the quickest?

  N=10
• Which part of the mouse resulted in the strongest association with a hair color gene?

  Rump for Mc1r

  
• In which row(s) of figures is/are the genetic and environmental variation greater than zero?

  3 and 4

  
• How many phenotypic states are possible in a trait that is controlled by 2 loci with h=0.5 and no phenotypic plasticity?

  5