Organic families

• Tetrahedral


  • C with single bonds
  • H
• Chloroalkanes


  Compound in which one or more H atoms in alkane are replaced by Cl atoms
• Chloroalkanes


  • Weakly polar
  • Do not dissolve in water
  • Dissolve in Cyclohexane
  • Liquid at room temp
• Chloroalkanes


  • Trichloromethane
• Alcohols


  Contain -OH group
• Alcohols


  • Methanol
  • Propan-2-ol
• Alcohols


  Primary alcohol - Alcohol where higher BP than corresponding alkanes
• Carboxylic Acid


  • Contains -COOH 'oic acid'
  • Unsaturated C=C
• Carboxylic Acid


  • 120° bond angle
• Aldehydes


  Contains -CHO group, always at end
• Ketones


  Contains -CO- group, always in centre
• Ketones


  • Propan-2-one
• Ketones


  • Higher BP than corresponding alcohols
• Esters


  Contains -COO- group, 'yl-oate'
• Esters


  • Methyl Ethanoate
• Ethanoic Acid


  • Food preservative
• Benzene


  Aromatic compound containing ring
• Alcohols

  • Carbon atom bonded to OH group is bonded to only one other C
• Primary Alcohol


  Alcohol where OH group is on the end carbon
• Secondary Alcohol


  Alcohol where OH group is on the middle carbon
• Tertiary Alcohol


  Alcohol where OH group is on the branched carbon
• Ketones


  Contains -CO- group in the centre
• Ketones


  • Soluble in water
• Ketones


  • Uses: fruity scents, fragrances, flavouring
• Esters


  Fats and oils (natural esters)
• Esters


  • Polar C=O group
  • Soluble in water
• Esters


  • Acetone (nail varnish remover)
• Aldehydes


  • Highly polar
  • Higher BP than corresponding alkane due to dipole-dipole
  • Lower BP than corresponding alcohols (H Bonding)
  • Small aldehydes soluble in water due to polar C=O
• Aldehydes


  • Benzaldehyde (smells like almonds)
• Alcohols

  Primary alcohol - Alcohol where OH group is on the end carbon
• Carboxylic Acids


  Contains -COOH group
• Alcohols


  Ethanol (drinks)
• Alcohols


  Produced by fermenting glucose
• Alcohols


  • Higher BP than corresponding alkanes due to H Bonding
  • Small alcohols - Polar
  • Large alcohols non polar
• Carboxylic Acids


  • 'oic acid'
• Alkanes


  • C-C single bonds
• Alkenes


  • C=C double bonds
• Alkynes


  • C≡C triple bonds
• Alcohols


  • C-OH
• Carboxylic Acids


  • C-COOH