Breathing and Respiration

• Voluntary activity


  Brain thinks about the movement, instructs the respective muscles, and helps us perform the task
• Involuntary activity


  Activities that occur within us and help us sustain life, without our conscious control (e.g. breathing, heart beating)
• Respiration is extremely important for survival, as it allows cells to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide
• Breathing


  The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment
• Respiration


  The process in which food is broken down in the cells with the help of oxygen to release energy
• Breathing


  Part of the larger process of respiration
• Types of respiration


  • External respiration
  • Internal respiration
  • Cellular respiration
• External respiration


  Gaseous exchange that occurs at the nasal area
• Internal respiration


  Gaseous exchange that occurs between the lungs, blood, and cells
• Cellular respiration


  The process in which oxygen is used to break down food molecules by the cells
• The mechanisms of respiration vary between different habitats and organisms
• During inspiration (inhalation), the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thorax and decreasing pressure inside it.
• Anaerobic respiration in animals

  1. Glucose is only partially broken down

  2. Lactic acid is produced

  3. Lactic acid needs to be broken down with oxygen after exercise
• Cheetah sprinting

  Cannot take in enough air and blood around the body fast enough for aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration


  Respiration without oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration in plants

  1. Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced instead of lactic acid

  2. Carbon dioxide helps bread rise by expanding the dough
• Fermentation

  The anaerobic respiration process used in yeast to make bread and brew alcohol
• Anaerobic respiration is the backup plan when there is insufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration, in both animals and plants
• Aerobic respiration is the preferred method of respiration as it is more efficient and produces more energy
• Respiration


  The chemical process that supplies the body with energy for all other life processes
• Life processes powered by respiration

  • Growth and repair of cells
  • Muscle contraction
  • Protein synthesis
  • Sending nerve impulses
  • Absorbing molecules
  • Active transport
• Respiration happens in all living cells, not just animal cells but also blood cells
• Types of respiration


  • Aerobic
  • Anaerobic
• Aerobic respiration


  Respiration that releases energy in cells by breaking down food substances whilst in the presence of oxygen
• Aerobic respiration


  1. Glucose is broken down by oxygen

  2. Releases carbon dioxide and water

  3. Releases energy which is used to make ATP
• Aerobic respiration happens all the time in all cells, usually in the mitochondria
• Animals get oxygen for respiration


  From the air, through their ventilation systems
• Plants get oxygen for respiration


  From the air through the stomata
• Aerobic respiration


  Works in the opposite way to photosynthesis
• Plants produce food by photosynthesis and then through respiration release energy from it
• Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis but don't necessarily take in this oxygen for respiration, they just take in any oxygen from the air
• Plants respire throughout the day and night as do animals, but they only photosynthesize during the day when there is light available
• Equation for Aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
• Equation of anaerobic respiration?

  glucose -> Latic acid + (energy released)
• Function of Trachea?


  The windpipe - It leads from the nose and the mouth to the two bronchi
• Function of Bronchus?


  Tube leading from the trachea to the lung
• Function of Lungs?


  Contains the Gas Exchange surfaces
• Function of Bronchiholes?


  Smaller tubes inside the lungs leading from the Bronchus to the Alveoli
• Function of Alveoli?


  Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, where gas exchange happens
• Function Pleural membranes?


  Allow the lungs to move easily during ventilation