BIO PAPER 1

• nucleus stores genetic material (DNA)
• ribosomes are where proteins are made
• chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy to make glucose through photosynthesis
• cell wall is made from cellulose, it gives the cell shape and support
• cell membrane controls what enters or leaves the cell
• cytoplasm is jelly like substance that surrounds all organelles
• cell wall is made from cellulose, gives strength and support to the cell
• nucleus contains DNA and controls everything the cell does
• mitochondria are where respiration takes place
• ribosomes are where proteins are synthesised
• chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis
• respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose
• Process of mitosis

  1. The cell grows and increases the amount of sub-cellular structures
  2. The DNA is copied
  3. The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  4. Two arms of each chromosome pull apart to the opposite sides of the cell dividing the nucleus
  5. The cytoplasm & cell membrane divide
  6. Then creates two new identical daughter cells
• The circulatory system contains the heart, blood vessels and the blood
• Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant
• Two types of cancers

  1. Benign tumors - isn't normally dangerous and the tumor is not cancerous
  2. Malignant tumors - tumors are dangerous and can be fatal, the tumor is cancerous
• Cell division is important because it allows organisms to grow and reproduce
• Photosynthesis equation

  $CO^2 +$$H^2O -->C^6H^12 +$$O^2$

  {light}

  carbon dioxide + water ---> glucose + oxygen
• The rate of transpiration is affected by 4 things

  • airflow
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • light intensity
• Air flow affects the rate of transpiration as if there was no air movement then the stomata would stay open all day long which means that more water will evaporate out of the leaf
• Temperature affects the rate of transpiration as when its hotter the temperature increases so the rate of transpiration also increases
• Light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis as light energy is needed for the process to occur
• The leaf is where photosynthesis and gas exchange happens in a plant
• Organ =A group of different tissues working together to perform a certain funtion
• Equation of breathing rate =

  breaths per min = number of breaths

  ------------------

  number of mins
• There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body.
• • Aerobic respiration is respiration using oxygen.
  • It happens all the time in plant and animals
  • most aerobic respiration happens in the mitochondria
• Respiration equation

  glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water
• Anaerobic respiration

  • used when there is not enough oxygen
  • when you exercise your body sometimes cannot supply enough oxygen to your muscles
  • when this happens, they start to do anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration
• equation of anaerobic respiration

  glucose ———> lactic acid
• Anaerobic respiration in plants

  Glucose ——> ethanol + carbon dioxide
• Bacterial diseases

  • reproduce rapidly in your body
  • can make you feel ill by producing toxins
  • the toxins damage your cells and tissue
• Two examples of bacterial diseases

  • salmonella
  • gonorrhoea
• Gonorrhea (bacterial)

  sexually transmitted disease

  causes:

  • unprotected sex

  symptoms:

  • pain while urinating
  • thick yellow or green discharge

  treatments:

  • can be treated with antibiotics
  • can use barrier methods of contreception
• Salmonella (bacterial)

  symptoms:

  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • vomiting
  • Diarrhoea

  treatments:

  • Most chickens in the UK are vaccinated against salmonella

  causes:

  • eating raw/undercooked foods
  • eating food that is made while bacteria is present
• Viral diseases:

  • reproduce rapidly inside your body
  • live inside your cells
  • make lots of copies of themselves inside your cells
  • cell will usually burst releasing the virus
  • cell damage is what makes you ill.
• Three examples of viral diseases

  1. Measeles
  2. HIV
  3. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
• Measles (virus/viral disease)

  cause:

  • spread by droplets from an infected persons sneeze or cough

  symptoms:

  • red skin rash
  • fever

  Treatments:

  • most people are vaccinated when they are young
• HIV (Virus/viral disease)

  cause:

  • sexual contact
  • exchanging bodily fluids

  symptoms:

  • Flu-like symptoms

  treatments:

  • antiretroviral drugs

  preventions:

  • don’t share needles
  • don't have unprotected sex
• Rose black spots (fungal disease)

  (only occurs on plants)

  cause:

  • it is past through the water or wind

  treatments:

  • can strip the affected leaves off the plants
  • the leaves then need to be destroyed so that the fungus can’t spread onto other rose plants

  symptoms:

  • leaves can turn yellow and drop off
  • meaning photosynthesis cannot happen
  • the plant doesn’t grow very well.