Lecture 7 Adaptation: Nutrition Among Animals

• Animal Categories Based on Dietary Habits

  • feed on plants
  • camel, elephant

  Herbivores
• Animal Categories Based on Dietary Habits

  • feed on another animal
  • cheetah, crocodile

  Carnivores
• Animal Categories Based on Dietary Habits

  • feed on plants and animals
  • bear, panda

  Omnivores
• Animal Categories Based on Dietary Habits

  • feeds on decaying organic matter
  • fly, tumblebug

  Saprophagous
• Microscopic particles in oceans that can serve as food:

  • Plankton - microscopic organisms carried by tides because these cannot swim against tides
  • Organic debris - from disintegrating remains of plants and animals
• Animals Feeding on Particulate Matter

  A) suspended

  B) ciliated

  C) mucous

  
• Animals Feeding on Particulate Matter

  A) Cilia

  B) cirri

  C) pinnules

  D) thoracic

  
• Animals Feeding on Particulate Matter

  A) cilia

  B) incurrent

  
• Animals Feeding on Particulate Matter

  A) rakers

  B) Baleen

  
• Animals Feeding on Particulate Matter

  A) detritus

  
• Animals Feeding on Particulate Matter

  A) beak

  B) teeth

  C) mastication

  
• Animals Feeding on Fluids

  • Mostly parasites (ectoparasites or endoparasites)
  • May absorb fluid from around them (e.g. tapeworm, eye worm, etc.)
  • May bite to suck blood or body fluid (e.g. fleas, leeches, mosquitoes, ticks, mites, etc.)
• Animal Digestion

  A) absorption

  B) carbohydrates

  C) proteins

  D) lipids

  
• Type of Animal Digestion

  A) phagocytosis

  B) small

  C) enzymes

  
• Type of Animal Digestion

  A) alimentary

  
• Animal Digestion: Porifera

  A) Intracellular

  
• Animal Digestion: Cnidaria

  A) gastrovascular

  
• Animal Digestion: Platyhelminthes

  A) Trematodes

  B) cestodes

  C) tegument

  
• Animal Digestion: Nematoda

  A) complete

  
• Animal Digestion: Mollusca

  A) gastropods

  B) bivalves

  
• Animal Digestion: Mollusca

  A) cephalopods

  
• Animal Digestion: Arthropod

  A) diverse

  
• Animal Digestion: Echinodermata

  A) carnivores

  B) omnivores

  
• Animal Digestion: Echinodermata

  A) filter

  B) bottom

  
• Animal Digestion: Chordata

  A) Cephalochordate

  B) Urochordate

  
• Functions of the Digestive System

  1. Mechanical breakdown of food
  2. Chemical breakdown of food
  3. Absorption of nutrients and water
  4. Excretion of undigested food and wastes
  5. Synthesis of vitamin K
• Digestive Tract in Vertebrates

  A) reception

  B) conduction

  C) storage

  D) grinding

  E) digestion

  F) water

  G) solids

  
• Oral Cavity and Accessory Glands

  • Lips - the external boundary of the mouth
  • Tongue - a muscular organ that pushes a bolus of food around the mouth and has taste buds
  • Hard palate - bony palate that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
  • Soft palate - muscular, completes the separation of nasal and oral cavities with an overhang called uvula
  • Teeth - embedded in the sockets of the maxilla and mandible
  • Gingiva or gums - line the maxilla and mandible
  • Salivary glands - produce a watery secretion called saliva
• Salivary Glands

  A) Parotid gland

  B) 90

  C) 98