chem 2

• States of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  • Particles arranged in fixed rows (lattice)
  • Strong forces of attraction between particles
  • Low particle energy (vibrating side-to-side)
• Liquid


  • Random arrangement of particles
  • Particles can flow and move freely
  • Moderate particle energy
• Gas


  • No fixed shape
  • Low forces of attraction between particles
  • High particle energy (completely free moving)
• Changes of state


  1. Melting (solid to liquid)

  2. Boiling (liquid to gas)

  3. Condensing (gas to liquid)

  4. Freezing (liquid to solid)

  5. Sublimation (solid to gas)

  6. Deposition (gas to solid)
• Pure


  Made up of one element or compound
• Mixture


  Substances mixed together but not bonded
• Pure substances have a fixed melting and boiling point
• Mixtures/impure substances melt over a range of temperatures
• Filtration


  Separates insoluble solid from liquid
• Crystallization


  Separates soluble solid from liquid
• Chromatography


  Separates and identifies substances
• Mobile phase


  Substances dissolved in solvent
• Stationary phase


  Substances stuck to chromatography paper
• Rf value


  Ratio of distance moved by substance to distance moved by solvent
• Simple distillation


  Separates mixtures of liquids with very different boiling points
• Fractional distillation


  Separates mixtures of liquids with similar boiling points
• Making water potable


  1. Sedimentation

  2. Filtration

  3. Chlorination
• Chlorine is used to remove pathogens and microorganisms from water