chap 4: renal function

• In what organ does the renal artery supplies to? Kidney
• The human kidney receuves approximately __% of the blood pumped through the heart at all times. A. 45% B. 25% C. 75% D. 50 % E. NOTA B. 25%
• The blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the _______. Afferent arteriole
• It then flows through the _________ and into the _____. It then flows through the glomerulus and into the efferent arteriole
• What surround the proximal and distal convulated tubules, providing immediate reabsorption of essential substances? Peritubular capillaries
• GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate
• Does the glomerulus serve as a selective filter of plasma substance? No. nonselective filter
• Molecular weight of plasma substance in the glomerulus less than 70,000
• ________ must pass through three glomerular filtration barrier cellular layers. Plasma filtrate
• This increase capillary permeability but do not allow the passage of large molecules and blood cells. Pores
• It occurs as the filtrate passes through the basement membrane. Further restriction of large molecules
• The barrier also contain ________ that _______ molecules with a negatuve charge even though they are small enough to pass through the three layers of the barrier. shield of negativity, repels
• It is the primary protein associated with renal disease. albumin
• This pressure is necessary to overcome the opposition of pressures from the fluid within the Bowman capsule. Hydrostatic pressure
• This pressure is pulled by an unfiltered plasma proteins in the glomerular capillaries. Oncotic pressure
• (Dilation/Constriction) when blood pressure drops. Efefrent arterioles constriction
• Dilation of the afferent arterioles and constriction of the efferent arterioles when blood pressure drops prevent a marked decrease in blood flowing through the ____, thus preventing an ______ in the blood level of toxic waste product kidney, increase
• The system respond to changes in blood presure and plasma sodium content that are monitored by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. RAAS
• It regulates the flow of blood to and within the glomerulus. RAAS
• Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the ________ in the _______ and the ________ of the distal convoluted tubule. juxtaglomerular cells, afferent arteriole, macula densa
• The body cannot lose ______ of water-containing essential substances every minute. 120 mL
• Therefore when the plasma ultrafiltrate enters the (proximal/distal) ___________ convoluted tubule, the nephrons, through cellular transport mechanisms, begin reabsorbing these essential substances and water. proximal
• (Chloride/Sodium) Ascending loop of Henle chloride
• (Chloride/Sodium) in the distal convulated tubule sodium
• What are the cellular mechanisms involved in tubular reabsorption? 1. active transport 2. passive transport
• For this cellular mechanism t to occur, the substance to be reabsorbed must combine with a carrier protein contained in the membranes of the renal tubular epithelial cells. active transport
• Glucose active transport
• urea passive transport
• Sodium active and passive transport
• Amino acids active transport
• Salts Active transport
• It is the movement of molecules across a membrane as a result of differences in their concentration or electrical potential on opposite sides of the membrane. Passive transport
• These physical differences are called __________. gradients
• Passive reabsorption of water takes place in all parts of the nephron except the _______ loop of Henle, the walls of which are impermeable to water. Ascending loop of Henle
• Urea is passively reabsorbed in the _______ convoluted tubule and the ________ loop of Henle proximal, ascending
• ________ reabsorption of sodium accompanies the _____ transport of chloride in the ascending loop. passive, active
• It can be influenced by the concentration of the substance being transported like passive transport. active transport
• When the plasma concentration of a substance that is normally completely reabsorbed reaches a level that is abnormally high, the filtrate concentration exceeds the __________________. maximal reabsorptive capacity (Tm)
• The plasma concentration at which active transport stops is termed _____? renal threshold
• For glucose, what is the plasma renal threshold? 160 to 180 mg/dL