The different isms

• Conservatism


  • Attracted predominantly the aristocracy and the landed gentry
  • Defended the old regime and saw value in tradition, institutions, and privileges
• Conservatism


  Sometimes mixes well with romanticism because it is a backward-looking movement
• Conservatism


  • Differs from liberalism, socialism, nationalism, and feminism which are propositions for a new order
• Conservatives


  Might play well with liberals to combat socialism
• Edmund Burke


  Wrote 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' criticizing the liberalism of the French Revolution
• Liberalism


  • Attracted the bourgeoisie and professional class
  • Key ideas include liberty, laissez-faire economics, reform, constitutions, individualism, natural rights, equality of opportunity, and progress
• Liberalism


  Mixes well with nationalism but not conservatism or romanticism
• Adam Smith


  Wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'
• John Stuart Mill


  Wrote 'On Liberty'
• Romanticism


  • Largely a product of the artistic class
  • Valued beauty, nature, nostalgia, and opposed Enlightenment values
• Romanticism


  Mixes well with conservatism and nationalism but not liberalism
• William Blake


  Romantic poet
• Eugene Delacroix


  Romantic artist
• Romantic works


  • The Sorrows of Young Werther
  • Frankenstein
• Nationalism


  • Transcends class structures
  • Key ideas include the 'folk spirit', freedom, and independence
• Nationalism


  Mixes well with liberalism and romanticism but not conservatism
• Mazzini


  Italian nationalist
• Hegel


  German philosopher who wrote about the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis of German unification
• Nationalist works


  • Mazzini's 'Duties of Man'
  • Grimm's Fairy Tales
• Grimm's fairytales are German folktales collected by the Brothers Grimm as they went through what is now Germany
• The premise of Grimm's fairy tales is that they communicate the national spirit of the German people
• Grimm's fairy tales


  • Hansel and Gretel
• Nationalism and romanticism are often combined in art and poetry, such as in Eugène Delacroix's painting 'Liberty Leading the People'
• Socialism


  A philosophy targeted towards the working classes and the dispossessed classes, seeking justice, equality and fairness
• Socialists believe the government and society have an obligation to help people become equal, rather than just letting the state of nature play out
• Socialists seek to create a society based on harmony and cooperation, rather than laissez-faire competition
• Marx's concept of freedom was different from the liberal order brought about by the Industrial Revolution
• Socialism does not play well with conservatism or liberalism
• Proponents of socialism


  • Louis Blanc
  • Karl Marx
• Louis Blanc pioneered the setting up of national workshops in France where the unemployed could get a job
• Conservatism is based on group privilege, while liberalism and socialism both seek to abolish this system of privilege
• Liberals and socialists both believe in equality under the law, but differ on whether to reorganize society on individualism or collectivism
• Conservatives and liberals would sometimes band together against socialism because they both believe in private property, which socialism opposes
• Feminism


  The movement to get rid of gender privilege and achieve gender equality based on natural rights
• Feminists


  • Mary Wollstonecraft
  • John Stuart Mill
• Feminism mixes well with liberalism and some forms of socialism, but not with conservatism which did not see a role for women in the public sphere
• Fascism


  An ideology associated with Benito Mussolini in Italy during the 1920s and 1930s, often used in a derogatory way to refer to an overly aggressive, controlling, and totalitarian group, regime, or individual
• Fascio


  The Italian word meaning a bundle, which became the symbol of fascism representing the idea that a bundle of things will be stronger together than individually
• Mussolini establishes the Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria (Revolutionary Action Group)


  1914
• The Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria regrouped under the name Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Combatant Italian Revolutionary Group or Group of Italian Combatants)

  1919