Post world war 2

• Many of the post-faly ghes the rig
• A Great Britai
• Clos Alec as i
• 1943 the Labour Party wes notodata Palaw
• Labour Party


  Very lend and cand aware
• Labear cation to Bak of Englad, the c
• Iga ice and, and her parts of the
• and k
• 4 Trebles in Nathen Inland posted
• Island pandiapedece from Island, prodaty Pod put of the sk

  1922
• Cabelos in N. Ireland pedilly a
• dicinism free the Priest
• Open violence broke out in 1968 in which oner 3000 wee killed
• Violme and taradan would come unl the eaty 200
• Fresch Republic Afm de heses of France, General Charles de Ga becare provisiceal pesident in what was led the Fearth Republic
• Canaves hed been discredited by their rele daring the price allowing new end groups to the nos cool after the w
• De over cellabesties and the trish afcelaborates would tine for decades after the wor
• The President and Prasier had vary tale control, and bada avto
• zati the National Assembly, which
• de Gaulle was unhappy with this constitution and resigned in protest in December 1946
• Although the Fourth Republic was very unstable, they did enact some important legislation
• Important legislation enacted by the Fourth Republic


  • Nationalized several key industries
  • Expanded social security legislation
  • Developed a mixed economy
  • Production levels were 1% times that of 1938 by 1952
  • Production tripled between 1946 and 1966
  • Took the lead in promoting European economic integration in the 1950s
• The Fourth Republic would finally be broken by the strain of the colonial wars after World War II; France was fighting colonial wars almost continually for 15 years
• France fought in Indo-China for nearly ten years before they finally withdrew
• Almost immediately afterward war broke out in France's Algerian colony
• European settlers in Algerian protested France's withdrawal, and staged a coup
• Because of this coup the French feared a civil war
• To get the situation under control the French turned to Charles de Gaulle, creating the Fifth Republic
• Creation of the Fifth Republic


  1. In 1958 the National Assembly invested de Gaulle as premier, giving him emergency powers for six months, including the power to write a new constitution

  2. Under this constitution the presidency became the strength of France's govemment

  3. Political instability disappeared

  4. de Gaulle devised a plan for Algerian independence which was approved in 1962; this was after having granted independence to all French colonies in sub-Saharan Africa

  5. France became the world's fifth industrial power in the 1960s

  6. France became the fourth country to develop nuclear capabilities, and Europe's largest producer of nuclear energy for peacetime needs

  7. Although de Gaulle used direct (plebiscitary) elections and preserved free speech, he did create a sort of an "uncrowned republican monarchy"-the older political parties were paralyzed, and de Gaulle had the option to assume emergency powers
• There were grievances against de Gaulle's govemment, which peaked in 1968 when students sparked revolts over regarding overcrowded universities. These led to protests of workers' conditions
• The economy became paralyzed as 10 million workers went
• de Gaulle made educational changes and survived the riots, then was reelected in a wave of fear of communism
• In 1969 de Gaulle chose to make a referendum on a series of constitutional and regional reforms a vote of confidence in himself. When it lost by a small margin he resigned
• After the war West Germany needed to rebuild and heal
• The four wartime Allies convened an international trial in 1945-1946 at Nuremburg
• Crimes tried at the Nuremberg trials


  • Crimes against peace: plotting and waging a war of aggression
  • War crimes: violations of accepted laws and conventions of warfare
  • Crimes against humanity: acts of mass murder and genocide
• The court condemned 12 of the defendants to execution; seven received lesser prison terms (including life in prison); and three were acquitted
• West Germany became a prosperous parliamentary democracy


  • Encouraged private industry and capitalism
  • Provided broad social services so that it became known as a "social market economy"-guaranteed benefits came to exceed those of other major industrial Western countries
  • Labor unions accepted a role as social partners in the expanding economy, moderating wage demands to avoid inflation
• At a constitutional convention in 1948-1949 produced a Basic Law which officially established the Federal Republic of Germany intended to be temporary, until East and West Germany could reunite
• Key features of the Basic Law

  • Included an extensive Bill of Rights
  • Power decentralized under a federal system
  • President was largely a figurehead
  • Chancellor was the true executive figure; he, along with his cabinet, were responsible to the Bundestag (the popularly elected lower house)
  • Proportional representation guaranteed that each party would be apportioned seats equivalent to its share of the popular vote (only if it had at least 5% of the vote)