4th Prelims

• Cognitive development


  Refers to thinking patterns, reasoning, and the ability to learn, remember, and solve problems
• 3 crucial cognitive skills


  • Remembering
  • Critical thinking
  • Problem-solving
• Remembering


  A function of the brain that depends on short-term or long-term memory. If you cannot remember, learning becomes impossible
• Ways to improve memory

  1. Repetition

  2. Organization

  3. Mnemonic
• Critical thinking


  Discerning judgment based on standards. Requires the ability to reason out (logical thinking), infer, analyze, interpret, and explain
• Fact


  Something that is genuine and can be proven
• Opinion


  Based on your values and assumptions, which may not necessarily be true for others
• Riddles from The Batman

  • What is the beginning of eternity, the end of time and space, the beginning of every end and the end of every race? Letter 'e'
  • What belongs to you, but is used by others? Your name
  • When is the time of a clock like the whistle of a train? Two to two
  • Tear one off and scratch my head; what was once red is black instead. Match/matchstick
  • If you look at the numbers on my face, you won't find thirteen any place. Clock
• Problem-solving process (IDEAS)


  1. Identify the problem and set priorities

  2. Determine relevant information and deepen understanding

  3. Enumerate options and anticipate consequences

  4. Assess the situation and make a preliminary decision

  5. Scrutinize the process and self-correct as needed
• Socio-emotional development


  Motus anima - "the spirit that moves us". Emotions, or feelings, are kinds of forces from within that affect us
• Emotion


  Involves a psychological component (bodily arousal), a cognitive component (subjective conscious experience), and a behavioral component (outward expression)
• Spiritual development


  Your belief in God, in the Higher Being, or however you see it in your way that is bigger than you, takes up a huge part of yourself and your life
• You are not simply your body. You are not just your mind and feelings. You also have a soul, or a spiritual side, in you
• Holistic perspective of man


  Sees man as a whole, unitary being that strives to achieve equilibrium, harmony, or balance
• Key aspects of self to develop


  • Physical
  • Cognitive
  • Socio-emotional
  • Spiritual
• Student's guide to living a balanced life


  • Take care of your body
  • Keep your mind at work
  • Let your emotions lead you to do what is right and express them in ways that build relationships
  • Believe in God, in the beauty of life, and in the inherent goodness of others
• Mandala


  A name of Sanskrit origin that means "circle". Its concentric design depicts harmony and unity among its visual elements. It symbolizes wholeness and the organization of the self within
• Establishing a personal identity is a significant task crucial to your growth in the adolescent period
• 11 developmental tasks in middle and late adolescence


  • Adjust to the physical changes that marked your growth
  • Adjust to your growing intellectual abilities and develop critical thinking skills
  • Adjust to the academic demands of school
  • Develop your language skills
  • Establish your identity
  • Learn to be independent
  • Establish healthy peer relationships
  • Manage your sexuality
  • Adopt good moral standards, personal values, and beliefs
  • Learn to control your impulses and exhibit behavioral maturity
  • Establish career or vocational goals
• Adjusting to a maturing body


  See your physical self with acceptance and give it nurturance. Your body image affects your self-esteem and how you treat yourself
• Developing cognitive skills


  Cognition is a critical process in learning. It refers to thinking skills covering important aspects like acquiring knowledge, solving problems, and making decisions
• Ways to develop cognitive skills


  1. Be inquisitive

  2. Brainstorm

  3. Imagine and explore

  4. Create or innovate

  5. Engage in problem-solving

  6. Read
• Communication


  Sharing thoughts and information. Elements: sender, receiver, message. Patterns: one-way, two-way
• Verbal and nonverbal communication


  • Verbal (uses spoken words)
  • Nonverbal (uses written words, symbols, gestures, or body language)
• Skills needed in communicating


  • Analyze the situation
  • Evaluate the message
  • Follow conventions
  • Listen actively
  • Read
  • Speak
  • Take turns
• Communication style


  Responsiveness (shows your openness to others) and assertiveness (shows your tendency to express yourself)
• Communication


  The process where the sender gives the message, the receiver gets it and responds with another message
• Means of exchanging messages


  • Verbal
  • Nonverbal
• Verbal communication


  Uses spoken words
• Nonverbal communication


  Uses written words, symbols, gestures, or body language
• Skills needed for effective communication


  • Analyze the situation
  • Evaluate the message
  • Follow conventions
  • Listen actively
  • Read
  • Speak
  • Take turns
• Language is a crucial skill that you need to develop at this time to be an effective communicator
• To help you develop your communication skills, it is important to be aware of your communication style
• Responsiveness


  Shows your openness when dealing with others
• Assertiveness


  Behavior ranging from asking questions (low assertiveness) to telling others what's expected (high assertiveness)
• Communication styles


  • Thinker
  • Achiever
  • Relater
  • Seller
• Achievers


  • Self-controlled, guarded in revealing themselves, assertive, and express their expectations clearly
• Relaters


  • Warm and friendly when dealing with others, more interested in others rather than being concerned about themselves, less self-controlled, and ask questions that are usually personal in nature
• Thinkers


  • Guarded in interacting with others, don't reveal much of themselves, exercise self-control, and direct attention to others by asking questions
• Sellers


  • Warm and outgoing in dealing with others, assertive and forceful in expressing themselves