psych

• Attribution Theory


  Tendency to give explanations for someone's behaviour, often by crediting situation or person's disposition
• Fundamental Attribution Theory


  Tendency to overestimate the impact of person's disposition and underestimate impact of situation
• Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon


  Tendency to apply with larger requests after responding to a smaller request
• Zimbardo - Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect


  Role Playing: People take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation
• Cognitive Dissonance


  People change their behavior to avoid looking bad, ie → person is against gay rights then becomes gay, he will change attitude to gay rights activist
• Asch - conformity


  Tendency to go along with the views and actions of others, even if you know they are wrong - line test
• Milgram - obedience


  People tend to obey authority figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the max possible level of shock
• Social Facilitation


  Improved performance in presence of others; easy tasks get easier as hard tasks get harder
• Social Loafing


  In the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they believe others will do it
• Deindividualization


  Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of anomie (mob situation)
• Group Polarization


  If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing options and attitudes
• Groupthink


  A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
• Just-World Phenomenon


  Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
• Social Traps


  Situation in which the confliction parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interests, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour
• In-group


  People with whom one shares a common identity with
• Out-group


  Those perceived as different from themselves
• Hindsight Bias


  Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have predicted it beforehand and may contribute to blaming the victim and forming prejudices against him/her
• Prejudice

  Unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members
• Mere exposure effect


  The mere exposure to a stimulus will increase the liking of it
• Altruism


  Unselfish regard for the welfare to others
• Bystander effect


  Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
• Reciprocity Norms


  The expectation that we should return help, not harm to those who have helped us
• Psychological Perspectives


  • Biological
  • Cognitive
  • Humanistic
  • Behavioral
  • Psychoanalytic
  • Sociocultural
  • Evolutionary
  • Developmental
• Wilhelm Wundt


  Father of psychology
• Introspection


  Looking inward at one's own mental processes
• Structuralism


  Analyze sensations, images, and feelings into their most basic elements
• William James


  The brain and mind are constantly changing
• Functionalism


  Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies - "steam of consciousness"
• Sigmund Freud


  Founder of psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalytic Theory


  All behavior is meaningful and driven by unconscious forces
• Hypothesis


  A testable prediction, often induced by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory (educated guess)
• Independent Variable (IV)


  A factor, manipulated by the experimenter, and whose effect is studied
• Dependent Variable (DV)


  A factor that may change in response to the IV
• Theory


  An explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts behavior or events
• Operational definition


  A clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment
• Validity


  It measures what you want it to be measured
• Reliability


  It is replicable and is consistent
• Sampling


  The process by which participants are selected
• Population


  The amount of participants that can be selected for the sample
• Random sample


  Everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment because the participants are chosen at random