BIO1

    Cards (101)

    • Microscopes
      Normal light microscope can see cells and nucleus, electron microscope can see subcellular structures in more detail
    • Calculating cell size
      1. Measure image size
      2. Divide by magnification
    • Eukaryotic cells
      Have a nucleus containing DNA
    • Prokaryotic cells

      Do not have a nucleus, DNA is in a ring called a plasmid
    • Subcellular structures
      • Cell membrane
      • Cell wall
      • Cytoplasm
      • Mitochondria
      • Ribosomes
      • Chloroplasts
      • Vacuole
    • Bacterial binary fission
      1. Number doubles every 10 minutes
      2. Practical: Grow culture on agar plate using aseptic technique
      3. Calculate size of culture from initial drop or area not grown
    • Diploid cells
      Have 23 pairs of chromosomes
    • Haploid cells
      Have 23 chromosomes (not in pairs)
    • Mitosis
      1. Genetic material duplicated
      2. Nucleus breaks down
      3. Chromosomes pulled to opposite sides
      4. New nuclei form
    • Specialised cell types

      • Nerve
      • Muscle
      • Root hair
      • Xylem
      • Phloem
    • Stem cells
      Unspecialised cells that can differentiate
    • Diffusion
      Movement of molecules/particles from high to low concentration, passive process
    • Osmosis
      Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
    • Measuring osmosis
      1. Cut potato cylinders
      2. Weigh and place in sugar solutions
      3. Reweigh after a day
      4. Calculate % change in mass
      5. Plot against sugar concentration to find no change point
    • Active transport
      Using energy to move substances against a concentration gradient
    • Tissues
      • Heart
      • Digestive
    • Digestive system processes
      • Acid in stomach
      • Bile and enzymes in small intestine
      • Emulsification of fats
    • Enzymes
      Biological catalysts, specific to certain substrates, work on a lock and key principle
    • Measuring enzyme activity
      1. Mix enzyme and substrate
      2. Measure time for reaction to complete at different temperatures/pH
      3. Plot time against temperature/pH to find optimum
    • Food tests

      • Iodine for starch
      • Benedict's solution for sugars
      • Biuret's reagent for proteins
      • Ethanol for lipids
    • Respiration
      Provides energy for cells, different to breathing
    • Gas exchange
      1. Air moves down trachea to alveoli
      2. Oxygen diffuses into blood
      3. Carbon dioxide diffuses out
    • Circulatory system
      Double circulatory system, deoxygenated blood enters right side of heart, oxygenated blood leaves left side
    • Heart structure

      Right atrium and ventricle, left atrium and ventricle, thicker walls on left side
    • Blood vessels
      Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart, veins carry deoxygenated blood towards heart
    • Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen
    • Cardiovascular disease

      Non-communicable disease, caused by internal factors
    • Communicable diseases are caused by external factors like pathogens
    • Coronary artery
      Delivers blood to the heart muscle to supply oxygen
    • Coronary heart disease (CHD)

      Occurs when coronary arteries are blocked by fatty deposits, causing a heart attack
    • Stents
      Little tubes inserted into blood vessels to keep them open and allow blood flow
    • Statins
      Drugs that reduce cholesterol and fatty deposits
    • Heart valve replacement
      Artificial heart valves can replace faulty ones to prevent backflow
    • Blood components
      • Plasma
      • Red blood cells
      • White blood cells (combat infections)
      • Platelets (clot wounds)
    • Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

      Non-communicable disease caused by factors within the body, e.g. obesity, diet, smoking
    • Communicable disease

      Caused by a pathogen (virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite) that enters the body
    • Carcinogen
      Anything that increases the risk of cancer, e.g. ionizing radiation
    • Benign cancer

      Doesn't spread through the body and is relatively easy to treat
    • Malignant cancer
      Cancerous cells spread through the body, much worse
    • Plant organs
      • Leaves (photosynthesis)
      • Roots (water and mineral absorption)
      • Meristem (new cell production)
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