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Cards (101)
Microscopes
Normal light microscope can see cells and
nucleus
, electron microscope can see
subcellular
structures in more detail
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Calculating cell size
1. Measure
image size
2.
Divide
by
magnification
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Eukaryotic cells
Have a
nucleus
containing
DNA
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Prokaryotic
cells
Do not have a
nucleus
, DNA is in a ring called a
plasmid
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Subcellular structures
Cell
membrane
Cell
wall
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
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Bacterial binary fission
1. Number
doubles
every
10
minutes
2. Practical:
Grow
culture on agar plate using
aseptic
technique
3. Calculate
size
of culture from initial
drop
or area not grown
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Diploid cells
Have
23
pairs of chromosomes
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Haploid cells
Have
23
chromosomes (not in
pairs
)
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Mitosis
1. Genetic material
duplicated
2.
Nucleus
breaks down
3.
Chromosomes
pulled to
opposite
sides
4. New
nuclei
form
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Specialised
cell types
Nerve
Muscle
Root hair
Xylem
Phloem
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Stem cells
Unspecialised cells that can
differentiate
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules/particles from high to
low
concentration,
passive
process
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Osmosis
Diffusion
of
water
across a semi-permeable membrane
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Measuring
osmosis
1.
Cut
potato cylinders
2.
Weigh
and place in
sugar
solutions
3.
Reweigh
after a day
4. Calculate %
change
in mass
5. Plot against sugar
concentration
to find
no
change point
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Active transport
Using
energy
to move substances
against
a concentration gradient
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Tissues
Heart
Digestive
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Digestive system processes
Acid
in
stomach
Bile
and enzymes in
small intestine
Emulsification
of
fats
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Enzymes
Biological
catalysts
, specific to certain substrates, work on a
lock
and key principle
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Measuring enzyme activity
1. Mix
enzyme
and
substrate
2. Measure time for
reaction
to complete at different
temperatures
/pH
3. Plot time against
temperature
/pH to find
optimum
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Food
tests
Iodine
for starch
Benedict's
solution for sugars
Biuret's
reagent
for proteins
Ethanol
for lipids
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Respiration
Provides energy for
cells
, different to
breathing
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Gas exchange
1. Air moves down
trachea
to
alveoli
2.
Oxygen
diffuses into
blood
3.
Carbon dioxide
diffuses
out
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Circulatory system
Double circulatory system,
deoxygenated
blood enters right side of heart,
oxygenated
blood leaves left side
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Heart
structure
Right atrium and
ventricle
, left atrium and
ventricle
, thicker walls on left side
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Blood vessels
Arteries carry
oxygenated
blood away from heart, veins carry
deoxygenated
blood towards heart
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Coronary arteries
supply the heart muscle with
oxygen
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Cardiovascular
disease
Non-communicable
disease, caused by
internal
factors
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Communicable diseases are caused by external factors like
pathogens
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Coronary artery
Delivers blood to the heart muscle to supply
oxygen
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Coronary heart disease
(
CHD
)
Occurs when
coronary
arteries are blocked by
fatty deposits
, causing a heart attack
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Stents
Little tubes
inserted into blood vessels to keep them
open
and allow blood flow
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Statins
Drugs that
reduce cholesterol
and
fatty deposits
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Heart valve replacement
Artificial heart valves can replace
faulty
ones to prevent
backflow
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Blood components
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
(combat infections)
Platelets
(clot wounds)
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Cardiovascular disease
(
CVD
)
Non-communicable disease caused by factors within the body, e.g.
obesity
, diet,
smoking
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Communicable
disease
Caused by a
pathogen
(virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite) that
enters
the body
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Carcinogen
Anything that
increases
the risk of cancer, e.g.
ionizing
radiation
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Benign
cancer
Doesn't
spread
through the body and is relatively easy to
treat
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Malignant cancer
Cancerous cells spread through
the body, much
worse
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Plant organs
Leaves
(photosynthesis)
Roots
(water and mineral absorption)
Meristem
(new cell production)
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See all 101 cards
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