biology

• Amylase


  An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars
• Aorta


  The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
• Organs


  Formed from a number of different tissues, working together to produce a specific function
• Artery


  A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart
• Benign tumour


  An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and does not invade other areas of the body
• Organ systems


  Organs organised to work together to perform a certain function
• Bile


  A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats
• Organs in the digestive system


  • Glands (salivary glands, pancreas)
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
• Blood


  A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
• Cancer


  A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
• Enzymes


  Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reaction without being used up
• Capillary


  A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances
• Enzymes


  • They can both break up large molecules and join small ones
  • They are protein molecules and the shape of the enzyme is vital to its function
  • Each enzyme has its own uniquely shaped active site where the substrate binds
• Lock and Key Hypothesis


  1. Substrate shape is complementary to active site shape, forming enzyme-substrate complex

  2. Reaction takes place and products are released
• Communicable disease


  A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly
• Optimum pH


  Most enzymes have an optimum pH of 7, some produced in acidic conditions have a low optimum pH
• Optimum temperature


  Around 37 degrees Celsius (body temperature), rate increases up to this then rapidly decreases
• Coronary heart disease


  A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue
• When temperature becomes too hot, the bonds in the structure will break, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer fit in. The enzyme is denatured and can no longer work.
• Enzymes


  Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms
• If the pH is too high or too low, the forces that hold the amino acid chains that make up the protein will be affected, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer fit in. The enzyme is denatured and can no longer work.
• Health


  The state of physical and mental wellbeing
• Types of enzymes


  • Carbohydrases (convert carbohydrates into simple sugars)
  • Proteases (convert proteins into amino acids)
  • Lipases (convert lipids into fatty acids and glycerol)
• Heart


  An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system
• Benedict's test


  Test for sugars, turns brick red
• Lipase


  An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol
• Iodine test


  Test for starch, turns blue-black
• Lock and key hypothesis


  A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme
• Biuret test


  Test for protein, turns purple
• Malignant tumour


  A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood
• Emulsion test


  Test for lipids, add ethanol which results in a cloudy layer if a lipid is present
• Meristem tissue


  Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells
• Sudan III test


  Test for lipids, red layer forms on top
• Metabolism


  All of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism
• Bile


  Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, released into the small intestine. Alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid, emulsifies large fat drops into smaller ones.
• Non-communicable disease


  A disease which cannot be spread between individuals
• Investigating effect of pH on enzyme controlled reaction


  Use iodine which turns blue-black in presence of starch, take drops of solution at regular intervals and record time for starch to be completely broken down, calculate rate from 1000/time
• Circulatory system


  Carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and removes waste products
• Organ systems


  Groups of organs that work together to form organisms
• Transport systems


  • Phloem
  • Xylem