Extra credit quiz

• The Bill of Rights

  consists of the first 10 amendments to the constitution
• Article II of the Constitution 


  vests the executive power in a President of the United States
• The "Supremacy Clause" found in Article VI of the Constitution

  declares the Constitution and the laws of the United States to be the supreme law of the land
• The first amendment stages, in part, that

  Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion
• The "necessary and proper clause"

  allows Congress to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out enumerated legislative powers
• The Declaration of Independence

  declared that governments were instituted to protects rights
• The Articles of Confederation

  gave each state one vote in Congress
• The anti-Federalists

  opposed the new Constitution
• Federalist # 10

  argued that the multiplicity of interests and opinions in a large republic would lead to greater freedom than in a small republic
• The Constitutional Convention was called

  by those who wanted to create a more powerful and effective government than the one established by the Articles of Confederation
• The doctrine of selective incorporation

  applied some of the protections of the Bill of Rights to the state governments
• The 14th Amendment to the Constitution

  declared that no state shall deny its citizens the equal protection of laws
• Although the Supreme Court first presented the "high wall of separation" doctrine in the 1947 case of Everson v Ewing Township Board of Education, it

  it allowed for the funding of transportation to religious schools
• In United States v. Lopez the Supreme Court declared the Gun Free School Zones Act which made it a federal crime to possess a dun in a school zone to be unconstitutional because

  the activity regulated was the related to interstate commerce and therefore could not be regulated by Congress
• In Mapp v. Ohio the Supreme Court applied the exclusionary rule to state criminal cases claiming that

  evidence from an illegal search of Mapp's home should be excluded from her trial
• The Supreme Court

  rules on the constitutionality of a law only when it is necessary to decide a particular legal case or controversy
• The clear and present danger test has been used in cases involving

  1st Amendment free speech cases
• judges who believe in judicial restraint

  would tend to defer to the laws passed by the legislature
• Under a "rational basis" test

  the Court would use strict sructiny
• A justice who believes in original intention

  would be guided in his or her decisions by what the authors of the Constitution intended