Nursing Theories and Theorists

• Nursing Theories

  • are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it.
  • a way to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (e.g., medicine)
  • a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level.
• Nursing as a profession,

  • is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge vital to nursing practice—nursing science.
  • To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing.
  • It has its own body of knowledge on which delivery of care is based
• PARADIGM

  A paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system
• Metaparadigm

  • A metaparadigm is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among...
  • four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing
• Person (also referred to as Client or Human Beings)

  is the recipient of nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.
• Environment (or situation)

  • is defined as the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. It includes all positive or negative conditions that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting where they go for their healthcare.
• Health

  • defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the healthcare provider.
• Nursing

  The nurse’s attributes, characteristics, and actions provide care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. There are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty agreeing on its exact definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care
• Florence Nightingale

  Environmental Theory
• Florence Nightingale

  • Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer|
  • “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.”
• five (5) environmental factors

  • fresh air
  • pure water
  • efficient drainage
  • cleanliness or sanitation
  • light or direct sunlight
• HILDEGARD E. PEPLAU

  Interpersonal Relations Theory
• HILDEGARD E. PEPLAU

  Interpersonal Relations Theory

  “An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse specially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help.”
• VIRGINIA HENDERSON

  • Nursing Need Theory
• VIRGINIA HENDERSON

  • Nursing Need Theory
  • Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence to hasten their progress in the hospital.
  • Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs.
• FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH

  • 21 Nursing Problems Theory
• FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH

  • 21 Nursing Problems Theory
  • “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
  • Changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered and began to include families and the elderly in nursing care.
• Ernestine Wiedenbach

  The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual mode
• Ernestine Wiedenbach

  • The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual model
  • Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife experience as “People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion.”
  • specified four elements of clinical nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice, and art
• LYDIA E. HALL

  Care, Cure, Core Nursing Theory
• LYDIA E. HALL |

  • Care, Cure, Core Nursing Theory
  • “participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole function of nurses, whereas the CORE and CURE are shared with other members of the health team.”
• Care, Cure, Core Nursing Theory

  • “care” circle defines a professional nurse’s primary role, such as providing bodily care for the patient.
  • “core” is the patient receiving nursing care.
  • “cure” is the aspect of nursing that involves the administration of medications and treatments
• JOYCE TRAVELBEE

  Human-to-Human Relationship Model
• JOYCE TRAVELBEE

  • Human-to-Human Relationship Model
  • the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to find significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope
• EVELYN ADAM

  Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.
• EVELYN ADAM

  • Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.
  • Includes the profession’s goal, the beneficiary of the professional service, the role of the professional, the source of the beneficiary’s difficulty, the intervention of the professional, and the consequences.
  • A good example of using a unique basis of nursing for further expansion.
• KATHRYN E. BARNARD

  Child Health Assessment Model
• KATHRYN E. BARNARD

  • Child Health Assessment Model
  • improving the health of infants and their families
  • the founder of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Project (NCAST)
• JEAN WATSON

  Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
• JEAN WATSON

  • Theory of Transpersonal Caring
  • “Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.”
  • Concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health.
  • Focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases.
• IDA JEAN ORLANDO

  Nursing Process Theory
• IDA JEAN ORLANDO

  • Nursing Process Theory
  • Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes up with the patient.
  • persons become patients requiring nursing care when they have needs for help that cannot be met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.
  • The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patient’s immediate needs for help
• MARILYN ANNE RAY

  Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
• MARILYN ANNE RAY

  • Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
  • Challenges participants in nursing to think beyond their usual frame of reference and envision the world holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.
  • Presents a different view of how health care organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate as wholes and parts in the system
• PATRICIA BENNER

  Novice to Expert Model
• PATRICIA BENNER

  • Novice to Expert model
  • a new nurse goes through five stages of clinical competence in acquiring new knowledge and clinical skill acquisition while gaining clinical experiences and improve clinical practice
  • States that caring practices are instilled with knowledge and skill regarding everyday human need
• KATIE ERIKSSON

  Theory of Carative Caring
• KATIE ERIKSSON

  • Theory of Carative Caring
  • means that we take ‘caritas’ into use when caring for the human being in health and suffering. Caritative caring is a manifestation of the love that ‘just exists’. Caring communion, true caring, occurs when the one caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient.
  • The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health.
• MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE

  Conservation Model
• MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE

  • Conservation Model
  • “Nursing is human interaction.”
  • Provides a framework within which to teach beginning nursing students.
  • Logically congruent, externally and internally consistent, has breadth and depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care