QUARTER4

• Land breeze


  1. Warm air above the sun rises

  2. Air from land moves out to replace rising warm air

  3. This moving air from land is called a land breeze
• Monsoons


  Winds that blow by season toward the continents or oceans due to the difference in the temperature and pressure of air
• Monsoons in the Philippines


  • Northeast monsoon (Hanging Amihan)
  • Southwest monsoon (Hanging Habagat)
• Southwest monsoon


  Blows from southwest in June to October and usually brings heavy rain because it absorbed much moisture from the surrounding seas before reaching the Philippines
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)


  The region where trade winds meet or converge
• When the Sun's rays are most direct, during the warm months


  The ITCZ is found north in the Philippines
• When the North Pole is tilted towards the sun


  The Northern Hemisphere will have longer day time than night time
• When the Earth moves around the sun


  The hemisphere receiving the direct rays of the sun will experience summer, while the other hemisphere will experience winter
• Eclipse


  When one heavenly body such as the moon or planet moves into the shadow of another heavenly body
• Types of eclipse


  • Solar
  • Lunar
• Solar eclipse


  • Occurs when the moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and the moon's shadow falls on Earth
  • Can only occur during a new moon
  • Can only occur at least 2 and no more than 5 times a year
  • Maximum time for a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 40 seconds
  • Maximum time for annular solar eclipse is 12 minutes and 24 seconds
  • Visible in a new narrow path of maximum 107 miles wide
• Lunar eclipse


  • Occurs when the moon moves into the Earth's shadow, blocking the sunlight from reaching the moon
  • Can only occur during a full moon
  • Maximum time a lunar eclipse can last is 1 hour and 40 minutes
  • Lunar eclipses can occur up to 3 times a year and are visible over an entire hemisphere
• Landmasses surrounding the Philippines


  • Asia Continent
  • Malay Peninsula
  • Isthmus of Kra
  • Indonesian archipelago
  • Australian Continent
• Bodies of water surrounding the Philippines


  • Philippine Sea
  • Indian Sea
  • South China Sea
  • Pacific Ocean
• Since the Philippines is surrounded by bodies of water, it experiences severe storms and typhoons
• Resources


  Things that can be used for support, help, or drawn on when needed
• Types of resources


  • Natural resources
  • Man-made resources
• Renewable resources


  Resources that can grow again or be replaced after they are consumed
• Non-renewable resources


  Resources that have a limited supply
• Watershed


  An area of land on a slope which drains its water into a stream and its tributaries
• Watersheds serve as habitat for wildlife and cover all the landmass on Earth
• Only 3% of all water on Earth is fresh water, and of this, more than half is frozen as snow and ice, with a large amount stored as groundwater
• Ways to conserve water resources


  • Plant more trees
  • Dispose waste properly
  • Save water at home
• Weathering


  The process of breaking down rocks into tiny particles, which can happen through physical or chemical means
• Methods of conserving soil resources


  • Crop rotation
  • Vermicomposting
  • Tree planting
  • Planting indigenous crops
  • Watering the soil
  • Organic composting
  • Using organic fertilizer
• The main source of electricity in Mindanao is geothermal energy and hydropower
• Earthworms forage and burrow through the soil and their castings (wastes) can be used as fertilizer
• Tree planting


  • Helps cover and hold the soil together, protecting it from erosion
• Planting indigenous crops like peanuts and cassava


  • Helps enhance soil fertility and reduces the need for commercial fertilizers
• Watering the soil


  • Nourishes the plants and moistens the soil which prevents erosion due to wind activity
• Organic composting


  • Helps the soil absorb and retain its nutrients and moisture
• Using organic fertilizer


  • Nurtures the soil with organic matter and reduces dependency on chemical products
• The main source of electricity in Mindanao is geothermal energy
• Geothermal energy


  Energy from the heat and fluids beneath the earth's crust, carried by water and steam to the earth's surface to generate electricity
• Geothermal power plants


  • Makban in Laguna, Tiwi in Albay, and Palimpinon in Negros Occidental
• Solar energy


  Energy from the sun converted into electrical energy using solar panels
• Solar power plants


  • Petrosoler in Tarlac City, Helios in Negros Occidental, and First Toledo Solar in Cebu
• Hydropower


  Energy derived from falling or flowing water, which is converted into electrical energy
• Hydroelectric power plants


  • Ambuklao in Benguet, Magat in Isabela, and Pulangi in Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte
• Coal


  A black or brownish-black solid rock that can be burned and used as fuel to generate electric power