History final

• The peak of the Ottoman Empire was reached under Sultan Süleyman I, also known as:


  B.

  the Magnificent
• How did the printing press help Martin Luther's ideas to spread throughout Europe?


  It enabled him to produce copies of his writings quickly and cheaply.
• Luther felt liberated and uplifted after reading


  St. Augustine
• Luther's ideas spread quickly. Town priests had given up their robes. They dressed in ordinary clothes and call themselves ministers. Some ministers had married. The revolt against the papacy became much broader. In 1524, German peasants revolted. Which of the following can be considered a trigger of revolt?


  Protestant reformation and its emphasis on Christian freedom, triggered their demand for an end to their economic and political bondage. Serfdom, they cried, must be abolished.
• Which of the following statements is true about the concepts of Grace alone, Faith alone, Scripture alone, and "auto salvation"?


  Auto salvation" means that an individual can achieve salvation without any external help or intervention from the community, institutions, and good works
• Which of the following best describes the Indulgence Crisis of 1517?


  A financial scandal involving the sale of forgiveness for sins by the Catholic Church.
• During the second half of the fifteenth century, the new Classical learning that was part of the Italian Renaissance humanism spread to northern Europe and spawned a movement called Christian or Northern Renaissance humanism, whose principal goal was the reform of Christianity. Martin Luther's reform movement was by no means the first. Which of the following reformers can be considered Christian catholic humanists

  Erasmus and Thomas More
• The painter of the Sistine Chaple is

  Michelangelo
• Which of the following were NOT Martin Luther's tenets?

  The power of the Free Will
• In 1519, Charles I, king of Spain and grandson of Emperor Maximilian was elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V. Charles ruled over an immense empire. Which of the following problems hindered Charles from enforcing his condemnation of Luther?

  A.

  the French and the papacy

  B.

  the Turks

  C.

  Germany's internal situation

  D.

  All the above - Correct answer
• According to some historians, what did the Peace of Westphalia mark the beginning of?

  The separation of church and state
• What did Descartes believe about human beings and their understanding of the world?


  D.

  Human beings can understand the world through the same rational principles inherent in mathematical thinking
• What was the main cause of the Thirty Years' War?


  Territorial disputes over control of key regions
• What is the major change in science brought about by the new system of the universe proposed by Copernicus and later elaborated by Newton?

  The earth is no longer at the center of the universe
• What was the main provision of the Edict of Nantes?


  Religious freedom and equality for Huguenots and the establishment of Roman Catholicism as the official state church.
• What is the starting point for Descartes' system in his Discourse on Method?


  Doubt
• What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia regarding religion and politics?

  It separated religion and politics
• What was Descartes' attitude towards his education after completing his course of study?


  He found himself entangled in doubts and errors, and his education served only to disclose his ignorance
• What did the Peace of Augsburg establish?

  The right of German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
• Which of the following treaties ended the Thirty Years' War?

  Treaty of Westphalia
• ___________________ founded a school for navigation in 1415

  Prince Henry the Navigator
• What was the spark of the agricultural revolution?

  The river valleys were more conducive to systematic farming.
• How did the first people to reach America get there?

  By land bridge from Asia
• Which civilization is the oldest known in Mesoamerica?

  The Olmecs
• How were early Native American societies affected by their isolation from other regions of the world?

  They were unable to access the technological and cultural advances of other cultures.
• Why did the Ottoman Turks not pursue ocean voyages beyond the Mediterranean Sea?


  They were already controlling trade routes between Western Europe, Middle East and Asia
• Who wrote the following?

  
  

  "We define and declare, that notwithstanding whatever may have been or may be said to the contrary, the said Indians and all other people who may later be discovered by Christians, are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property, even though they be outside the faith of Jesus Christ; and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and the possession of their property; nor should they be in any way enslaved; should the contrary happen, it shall be null and have no effect."

  Pope Paul III
• ______________ is a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 770 years, between the initial Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 710s, and the fall of the Emirate of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, to expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

  Reconquista
• Which civilization was the richest and most militarily advanced in the 1400s?

  Ottoman Turks and Chinese
• What was Bartolomé de las Casas' role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas?

  He was a critic of the Spanish conquest and its treatment of Native Americans
• Why did the American colonists shift from viewing the British as allies in 1763 to perceiving them as oppressors by 1776?


  British Taxation: British government imposed taxes from afar, causing American discontent.
• Why did the Second Continental Congress establish three crucial committees?

  To address key aspects of the path to independence.
• Who was mainly responsible for drafting the initial version of the Declaration of Independence, which went beyond the traditional British approach of listing grievances and began with a manifesto influenced by Enlightenment ideas?

  Thomas Jefferson.
• What was Thomas Jefferson's unique approach in the Declaration of Independence that distinguished it from conventional documents of the time?


  He began with a manifesto instead of grievances
• What were the three main estates represented in the Estates General of France?


  The clergy, the nobles, and the town people.
• What factors contributed to the decline in the monarchy's sacred aura during Louis XVI's reign?


  His unwavering support for absolute monarchy and inability to resolve financial crises.
• What event marked the beginning of the French Revolution and the assertion of the National Assembly's right to transform the government on behalf of the nobles?

  The Tennis Court Oath was sworn by the National Assembly on June 20, 1789.
• What was the primary goal of enacting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in July 1790 by the National Assembly?


  To subject the Church to state control and address financial issues by confiscating church property.
• What event marked the beginning of a more radical phase of the French Revolution in August 1792?

  The arrival of Austrian and Prussian armies
• What symbolized the end of the monarchy in France during the revolution?


  .

  The beheading of King Louis XVI using the guillotine