crime and policy

• biological- physiological eugenic 


  eugenics create perfect human beings by eliminating so called social ills through genetics and hereditary. Pros= somewhat good at eliminating crime Cons= unethical, can cause us to breed out diseases
• biological- physiological/ surveillance facial recognition 


  facial recognition, if people commit crime they will be quickly be caught Pros= acts as a natural deterrent cons= technological arms race, people find ways around, lack of free will and freedom
• biological- genetic, genome editing 


  genome editing is type of genetic engineering where Dan is inserted, modified, deleted and replaced. Pros= changes the genetic abnormality which leads to curling crime control Cons= ethical issues, could have unpredicted effects on future generation
• biological- brain disorders, brain screening 


  brain screening, studies the impact of brain injury on criminals Pros= identify any changes in a criminals brain, can learn about seriousness of brain injury and the effects Cons=can be difficult to interpret
• biological- brain disorders lobotomies 


  lobotomies are type of brain surgery that involves severing the connection frontal lobe and other parts of the brain, used to provide relief to people with mental illness unresponsive to standard treatment. Pros= dampening the emotional response or aggressive behaviours linked to pre frontal lobe cortex Cons= ethical issues, decreased emotional response to life, death, illness gets worse
• biological- biochemical, methadone 


  methadone is drug used to treat heroin dependence  Pros= keep people off the street and keep stabilise their life,  take away need to make money through crime to fund a habit, safer due to supervision   Cons= may not be effective-side effects , can become addicted to the new drug reliant on methadone, no evidence of its progress,  just a replacement drug 
• individualistic- physodynamic, psychoanalysis


  psychoanlayis is hypnosis and free association often 5x a weeks for several years  Pros= help the superego to be fixed reshaping thinking patterns and overcoming trauma often neglect from a parent Cons= Freud theories based on unconscious mind so makes it difficult to measure , can take many years 
• individulatsic- Psychodynamic, family policies 


  government incentives to encourage preferred parenting styles and commitment to children and family structure ( eg proposed tax breaks for married couples) parenting classes and support for mothers Pros= helps to encourage Cons= not always effective, imposing in peoples life seen as invasive and lack of free will 
• individual- personality, eversion therapy 


  aversion therapy is reducing undesirable behaviour by conditioning- pairing a behaviour with a negative consequence 

  Pros= stops thoughts = stops crime Cons= limited short term, very unethical, links to depression, anxiety and suicide
• individual- learning, youth offender terms 


  youth offender terms is work in community with vulnerable children, deliver rehabilitation programs 

  Pros= encourage good behaviour
• individual- leanring, token economies 


  token enconomies is when good behaviour is rewarded in prisons Pros= influence people's behaviour to make good decisions Cons= may only conform while in prison
• individual- cognitive, CBT 


  think first, groups or soley sessions which repeat offenders learn social skills and problems solving and consequences to their actions Pros= 30% less likely to reoffend and be re convicted   

  Cons= a lot of people drop out
• CBT- art 


  art is anger management, role play and violent crimes 

  Pros= lower reconviction rates showed improved thinking skills  Cons= not always improved behaviour
• sociological- functionalism, fairer


  making making capitalism fairer, wages, benefits and job security and equal opportunities 

  pros= everyone gets equal opportunity, no sense of being disadvantaged and not forced into crime as a way to survive 

  Cons= only if the majority of society agrees and wants this?
• sociological- marxism, revolution 


  is replacing capitlaism with advanced communism 

  Pros= should vastly reduce crime 

  Cons= may be unpopular with capitalists as they losing power 
• sociological- right realism, situational crime prevention

  it focuses on the settings where crimes occur and not those committing crime 

  Pros= deters offenders from committing crime 

  Cons= crime is just displaced
• sociological- right realism, zero tolerance policy 


  is the idea that low level crime should not be tolerated and severe penalties should be in place 

  Pros= deter crimes, stops more serious crime from occuring 

  Cons= do not have a significant effect, can cause increase in riots and racial profiling 
• sociological- labelling, reintegrative shaming 


  is positive shaming 

  Pros= can integrate offenders back into community, teaching empathy = better rehabilitation

  Cons= may think that they can get away with crime